Methods of Measuring Design Quality

There are several methods by which companies measure the design quality of products, services and processes. The companies select the methods in accordance to their goals. Accordingly the methods for measuring design quality may be generic like the reusability of design or specific like the size dimensions of motion system. Whatever be the metrics used, there is a trend towards using a combination of weights and rating scales for objectively measuring design quality. One approach to measuring design quality is examining the extent to which the different parts or the subsystems of the design depend on one another. From this stand point those designs that are inflexible, and have a high degree of interdependence cannot easily be changed.   When a change is introduced it has a surging effect and it becomes impossible to guess the cost of such a change. These designs create a situation where the managers very rarely allow changes. Another way of assessing design quality is to test its reusability. If the needed parts of the design are highly dependent on other details, design is highly interdependent. In such a situation is important to see if the design can be used in a different situation or a combination. For example, if there is an embossing unit designed as a part of a plastic stretching line. Can the embossing unit be separated from the line and used in a different plastic stretching line? Continuing with the example, can the plastic extruder be separated from the line and used as a part of another plastic strapping line? Finally, is there a tendency of the system to break in several places when a one change is made to the system? If the design is brittle then there are problems in areas that have no direct connection with the changed area (Akao, Yoji 2004). In the plastic stretching line if the embossing unit is removed there is a problem in the cooling unit. Such brittleness reduces the reliability of the design and creates maintenance problems. The production personnel cannot rely on the production specifications. Another approach to measuring the quality of design is to examine the specifications of the designs in terms of the realization of its objectives. The cost of implementing the design and the ease with which the device can be produced are evaluated. A strong correlation is usually present between the design and the specifications and the ratio can be used as a reliable measure of design quality (Park, Sung H1996). Another measure of design quality is to measure design performance(Belavendram, N 1995). In this case the design quality evaluates a number of factors like the craftsmanship, the cost of design, the cost of production, and even the return on investment of the design process. In case the design is made by an internal team there is even a comparison of the performance of the design with the expected performance from external designers. Measuring the design quality has assumed new importance with how designs are being managed to increase value of the organization to its customers. Instead of tangible end products, there are companies that evaluate the designs of business models and improve its designs to ensure that every interaction with a customer is dependable and persuasive. Design quality is also measured from the point of view of the user. The design is expected to make the process clear to the user. Moreover, the design should make the behavior of the organization, system or the process dependable to the user, Further; the design should be such that the process or the system should provide feedback. In case of interaction with the customer, the feedback should be both visual and audio. The message however, should be clear. The design of a process or a system should be such that the user should effectively be able to trace the path of action (Hoyle, David 2005). There should be a close correspondence between the specifications that have been given to the user and the manner in which the system works. Finally, the design should allow for measures of control. Measuring design quality is often a task of applying general principles of designing. The general principles of designing include questions like is the design trouble-free? An uncomplicated and simple design is preferred. Also is the design is long lasting? An adaptable design is desirable and so is a timeless design. The design should appeal to the future generation. A good design solves the moot problem (Hayes, Bob1998). A good design gives a few elements to the users that can be combined by the users themselves. A lot of work goes into a high quality design and this is reflected in the design itself. One of the metrics widely used in measuring design quality is the use of symmetry. Further, the fine tuning that has been done to the design to improve its quality and performance. Quality design can be replicated and is different from the norm. Finally, good design is done in large pieces. From the perspective of production management it is important to remember that the design quality is important in motion control system. In this context the quality of design embraces the selection of the motor drive electronics, positioning mechanism and motion controller.. Design quality emerges from the planning that goes into the development of the system. Designing quality entails full description and understanding of the process. Meticulous details go into this designing stage like the precision of the motion, the travel length of every axis and the number of axis. A good quality design specifies if the positioning is rotary, linear or a combination of stages (Card, David N & Glass. R 1990). The quality of design is also evaluated by the manner in which it incorporates the stage as an integral part of the larger system. The ability of the stage to meet its specifications is also an important consideration in measuring design quality. The design also encompasses the way in which the system is mounted on a flat surface to avoid distortions. The quality of design is also judged from the way in which the lifetime requirements of the system are incorporated into the stage specifications. If the requirements change then the system may have to be removed to a different position during its lifetime. Good quality design takes into consideration the size and the environmental consequences of the system. Both horizontal and vertical size constraints need to be considered. Factors like the choice of drive type, selection of motor and the mechanical and electrical aspects of the system motions are important factors in appraising the design quality. In the context of customer service, measuring design quality means evaluating parameters that go into a better provision of service to the customers. To deliver consistently superior service requires a high level of design quality. The design must include processes, people and the technology. Only if the design is of high quality will the company get increased sales from customers that have experienced superior service.   The design often extends to aspects of information technology. The designing of products and service responses based on data often are critical in attracting and retaining customers. The quality of design reflects on the services provided like tracking the choices of individual customers, payment methods, patterns of buying, support websites and live chats with technical staff. To be successful the design must consider factors like support technology, culture of the organization, incentive system, training and recruitment of customer support staff. In most situations like a production setting or a customer service system, there are some metrics that are selected for measuring the design quality. Usually, these metrics are based on the objective of the organization and are discussed with the designer before the design commences (Wood, Jane & Silver, Denise 1989). For example, the company that wants to design a motion control system will discuss with its production engineers specifications that are required for the motion control system and agree on a few metrics that will be used to measure the design quality. For example it may be the positioning of the linear rotary, the adaptability of the system, the size of the system, the stopping ability of the drive and precision of the description of the system. Each of these metrics for measuring design quality should be given a weight so that the sum of the weighs adds up to 1. For example, the stopping ability of the drive may be given a weight of 0.3 and the precision of the description of the system may be given a weigh of 0.1 and so on. In practice these weights are decided jointly by the management and the designer. A document for measuring design quality typically has a rating scale of five attached to each metric. After the design is completed a rating is given to each metric. The rating may range from 1 to 5, where 1 is the lowest rating and 5 is the highest rating. Each rating is multiplied with the respective rating. For example the stopping ability of the drive may get a rating of 3, this figure is multiplied by its weight of 0.3 and we get a score of 0.9. The scores for each metric is added and a composite score is calculated. As the weights add up to 1, the composite score ranges from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest design quality and 5 the highest possible quality measure. The actual composite measure for design quality will range between 1 and 5. To sum, there is a wide range of metrics used for measuring design quality. Some are generic metrics like the flexibility of the design, the adaptability or its brittleness. Others are metrics related to specific situations like the metrics for measuring the design quality of a motion system. Design quality of customer support systems or HRM recruitments systems are also measured with respect to the goals of the design. These metrics are then rated according a previously decided standard, weighted and a composite score is calculated to give a comprehensive measure of design quality. References: Akao, Yoji (2004), Quality Function Deployment: Integrating Customer Requirements into Product Design, Productivity Press Belavendram, N (1995) Quality by Design, Prentice Hall Card, David N & Glass. R (1990) Measuring Software Design Quality. Prentice Hall Hayes, Bob (1998) Measuring Customer Satisfaction: Survey Design, Use, and Statistical Analysis Methods, ASQ Quality Press Hoyle, David (2005) ISO 9000 Quality Systems Handbook, Elsevier Park, Sung H (1996) Robust Design and Analysis for Quality Engineering, Springer Wood, Jane & Silver, Denise (1989), Joint Application Design: How to Design Quality Systems in 40% less Time, John Wiley & Sons Inc            

“I do, I will, I have” Essay

Ogden Nash's poem, â€Å"I do, I will, I have† is about the formal union of a man and a women. It's usually recognized by the law in which they become husband and wife. In other words, it's a poem about a marriage. He's describing the way a marriage works. I think many people could agree or disagree with his views, however, he outlines the basics to a marriage.Without describing his poem line from line, the overall purpose of this poem is to point out that marriages are always different. Typically a marriage won't work out when the two people are exactly the same. When he wrote â€Å"just as I am unsure of the differnce between flora and fauna and flotsam and jetsam,† he's comparing two different words that have the same meaning. This can relate to marriage in which the meaning of a marriage will always be the same but always with two different lives. That phrase is considered to be an idiom. It's a metaphorical statement with a figurative meaning that's separate from i ts literal meaning.In line 13, the word â€Å"Quick† is capitalized. When I first read this, I thought she was telling him to quickly get up. Then I realized it was capitalized and the word actual could be used to describe what she's saying or as his name. The title of the poem â€Å"I do, I will, I Have† I think it's significant as well. It's showing that most marriages end in divorce. It would either be his experience or the experience of many others. Another observation I made is from lines 11 through 14.He's not only showing they have two different views but the differences in being optimistic and pessimistic. The guy is seen as being optimistic. He's very laid back, hopeful and confident about things. Shes very pessimistic and things the worst and always seems to be worrying. I think with this statement he's showing the stereotype between a man and a women. Most men and women are seen in the same way that he portrayed them.Now days marriages aren't as common as th ey used to be. Less people are getting married today rather than in the past. I think this stereotype has to do with both peoples views and experiences but also the fear of a heartbreak. When he wrote â€Å"that is why marriage is more interesting than divorce,† he's saying that there's more to a marriage than most people see. His poem views marriage in a good way in the beginning but then it leads to divorce. Now days I think it's always seen in both ways from the beginning and that's why there are less marriages.

Nefertiti: Queen of Egypt

Today, Nefertiti is one of the most well known queens of Egypt, famed throughout the ancient world for her beauty. There is little known about the background of Nefertiti but many believe that she was not of royal bloodline. Her father was believed to be a high official of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. It is said that Nefertiti was chosen by her Father and her Aunt, the Pharaoh’s mother, because of her strong personality that it was believed she could reign in the Pharaoh so her family would hold the real power behind the throne. She was not rivaled only by her power but also by her beauty. Her face has become one of the most recognizable images in the world since the founding of her bust in 1912. She was an independent woman and thinker centuries before her time (Fletcher, 2004). But the question that many people wonder is â€Å"Who was Queen Nefertiti and how much power did she have? † Nefertiti first rose to prominence in Egyptology in 1912, when a three-thousand-year-old bust of the queen was unearthed and quickly became a recognizable artifact around the world. But pieces of Nefertiti's life remained missing (Fletcher, 2004). The beginning of her existence starts with her breaking through the sex barrier to rule as a co-Pharaoh alongside her husband, Akhenaten. Nefertiti parents are not known and she was probably of non-royal birth, most historians say. Most believe she was 12 years old when she became queen and that Amenhotep IV was around the same age (Englar, 2009). Nefertiti married Amenhotep IV who took the name â€Å"Akhenaten†, who ruled over Egypt for approximately 17 years during the 18th Dynasty around 1357 B. C. E. She had six daughters but no sons with Akhenaten, who also had other wives. But neither of them were carved into the sculptures except Nefertiti, so many people believed he loved her most. She appeared with her husband Akhenaten on all major monuments. She even assisted in offerings. There has been no other queen who appears so frequently in Egyptian history as Queen Nefertiti. Many images of her show simple family gatherings with her husband and daughters. She is also known as the mother-in-law and stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Nefertiti and her husband defied ancient custom by practicing monotheism and by elevating Nefertiti far above the role of subservient consort previously played by Egyptian queens (Tyldesley, 1999). Upon her fourth year of being queen, she left the capital of Thebes where a new city to honor their chosen god, Aten was built. He believed that the Aten, a minor sun god, was the most important god so Nefertiti being his wife followed suit. The religion in the country was then transformed so their new god, Aten, may be held up above all others. Neferitti and her husband designed the new city and more than 50,000 Egyptians moved to Akhenaten to serve the king and queen in their new city. This is the first time that Egyptian religion accepted one god rather than many gods. Nefertiti’s new religious duties gave her more power than most previous Egyptian queens. Nefertiti was perhaps the most influential person on Akhenaten, at that time one of the most powerful rulers on earth. Many people do not know that Nefertiti and her husband changed their names to honor their God. Nefertiti meaning â€Å"the beautiful woman† had come to be known as Neferneferuaten which means â€Å"beautiful are the beauties of Aten. † The reason for this change is so â€Å"Aten† would be included in her new name to honor their god. During the Amarna period, Nefertiti was seen as almost equal to a Pharaoh. Nefertiti soon became enamored with her new found power and her popularity with the people and is somewhat swept up along with her husband in his dreams of glamour, power, and immortality (Moran, 2007). Upon his death she took control of Aten. The Egyptian people loved her and celebrated her beauty in art, but the priests did not feel the same way. Historians say that priests who, upon Nefertiti's death, had her name erased from all public records. This led to her being left out of history for over three thousand years. Very little is known of Nefertiti, her death is not recorded, and her tomb has not been found. Her beauty is renowned from the masks found at Amarna by archaeologists early in this century, having been lost for millennia. It is unusual that a queen like Nefertiti, death would not be recorded in the culture of Egypt. Even to this day monuments to those who ruled and played a major part in Egypt have pyramids and tombs bestowing their importance. It is very sad that Akhenaten and Nefertiti's family was all but destroyed. Three thousand years after her death, Nefertiti’s beauty still captivates thousands of visitors each year. It was her mysterious smile and powerful gaze that attracted many men to her making them wonder who she had been and how she’d become a dominant figure in ancient Egypt. However, tragedy eventually calls, and everything Nefertiti worked so hard to achieve hangs in the balance (Englar 2009). Some historians believe she died from a plague or even ruled Egypt under a new name, Smenkhkare. Yet there has, over time, been a great deal of controversy on all these facts. It would seem that Smenkhkare became co-regent shortly after the death of Akhenaten’s principle wife, Nefertiti. Speculation at times have run rampant, including one theory that Nefertiti herself had actually disguised herself as a male in the custom of Hatshepsut, becoming co-regent (Dunn, 2003). Nefertiti will always hold a mysterious history, her remains and the location of her body has long been a subject of curiosity and speculation. Her place as an icon in popular culture is secure and she has become somewhat of a celebrity due to the rare find of her bust. After Cleopatra, she is the second most famous queen of Egypt in the Western imagination and her image has influenced, through photographs, and changed standards of feminine beauty of the twentieth century, and is often referred to as â€Å"the most beautiful woman in the world† (Dunn, 2003). Her most important legacy, though, may be that she and Pharaoh Akhenaten tried to establish a monotheistic religion in Egypt, which, if it had survived, would have created a very different history for the Middle East, with important ramifications for the current religious/political turmoil of the area (Weller, 2008). She will always be held as one of the most influential and most powerful queens to ever rule Egypt. References Dunn, Jimmy. (2003). Smenkhkare: An obscure pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Retrieved from ttps://ww. touregypt. net/featurestories/smenkhakare. htm Englar, Mary. (2009). Nefertiti of Egypt. Capstone Publishing Company. Fletcher, Joann. (2004). Search for Nefertiti: The true story of an amazing discovery. Harper Collins Publishers. Moran, Michelle. (2007). Nefertiti. New York: Crown Pub. Tyldesley, Joyce A. (1999). Nefertiti: Egypt’s sun queen. Viking Adult. Weller, Doug. (2008). Nefertiti. New world encyclopedia. Retrieved (2010, February 25) from http://ww w. newworldencyclopedia. org

Representations and Misrepresentation of race in American Culture Essay

Representations and Misrepresentation of race in American Culture - Essay Example This paper looks at the representations and the misrepresentation of culture in America, as discussed by Steve Olson in his book â€Å"Mapping human history.† Ideally, the occurrence of mutations in genetics mostly of the mitochondria is claimed to be the reason behind the migration of the different races between the different continents especially the mixed population. Hawaii state has always been marked by controversy in that the even the scientists are not able to tell the original inhabitants of this beautiful island state. A prime reason is that most of the current inhabitants of this state are not true offspring’s of the first people who live in this island commonly known as the Polynesians. However, there is an existing correlation in the biological and ethnic heredity of the people especially because most people only identify themselves with the racial background. The main cause for the misrepresentation of the aboriginals of Hawaii is the intermarriage between the natives and the visitors to the island (Olson, 260). The government of the United States splits its population into four major categories based on their racial background. ... They include the color of their skins, the shape and the size of their yeas, the size and the shape of their skulls, and the types of their hairs. These dominant factors are mostly notable among the black, the whites, Asians and the Indians (Olson, 259). However, there is an element of misrepresentation in that it is not possible to tell how different their genetic makeup is in the four groupings. Olson notes, â€Å"The rapid growth of interracial marriages in the united states and elsewhere marks a new face in the genetic history of humanity. Since the appearance of modern humans in Africa more than 100,000 years ago, human groups have differentiated in appearance as they have expanded across the globe and have undergone under some measures of reproductive isolation† (Olson, 259). He also asserts, â€Å"This differentiation has been limited by the recentness of our common ancestry and the powerful tendency of groups to mix over the same time† (Olson, 259). The native i nhabitants of Hawaii have highly been misrepresented in various statistics. Statistics shows that the natives of Hawaii live in the lower end of the social and economic life. In addition, they have the lowest incomes and highest unemployment rate in America among any ethnic group. Moreover, the native inhabitants of Hawaii have the highest rates of health problems and have the lowest life expectancy ratio. Besides, they are least likely to go to colleges, and almost certainly to be imprisoned. However, it is utmost misleading to generalize this kind of statistics in a large group of people such as the native Hawaiians. These amounts to misrepresentation since a large portion of Hawaiians, comprising of a fifth of the entire native population are now educated and very successful. In

Regional Politics (Africa, Middle East or East Asia) Essay - 1

Regional Politics (Africa, Middle East or East Asia) - Essay Example Culture is defined as a people’s way of thinking, behaving and handling different situations both common and common, all of which influences the ability of people within a country to accept different situations created by democracy. Democratic institutions are governmental and nongovernmental units created to operate with complete autonomy to deliver different needs to the people. Institutions in a country include the judiciary, the police services, the armed forces, aid organisations and other units created for the wellbeing of the society. In this paper, I will highlight how the development of democratic and dependent institutions of a country is influenced by cultural maturity. The different cultural environments within a number of countries in the middle east, Africa and other developing economies will be compared with the cultural environments found in first world countries (Hadenius & Teorell, 2005). Cultural maturity and progress differ in different countries and this h as enabled some regions to develop as compared to others for example the socialist Asia and former soviet and the capitalist west. The level of democratization of institution in these countries differs and this has been attributed to the way of life found among the different countries. Culture is a multifaceted domain that cannot be highlighted as a block in trying to determine its impacts of democratization of different institutions in different countries. According to Tabellini (2005), culture’s casual effect results from its ability to affect development in a country endogenously. This measure of impacts on economic development is similar to the impacts it can produce on the democratization of institutions and organs of a country’s governance system (Tabellini, 2005). A number of questions have however arose about these differences and authors have attempted to explain why this is not the case in African and other countries in the Middle East. The United Kingdom and the United States experienced political transformation in the early 18th to 20th century, a fact that is attributed to the development of these countries into republic and democratic countries. With the French revolution leading to the abolition of the monarch system, the French cultural practices changed with the embracement of democratic governance. This affected other institutions in the country that led to significant independence and democratization of these arms of government (Ichino, Bornhorst, Schlag & Winter, 2004). In contrast, the independence and democratization of institutions in china and other Asian and African countries has remained significantly below pace. This can be explained to the prevalent government control, coercion, intimidation and interference in the operations of these institutions. When the French revolution led to the replacement of the monarch system with a more democratic governance system, the continuous revolts in china led to the replacement of o ne monarch with the other. The monarchs were operated from one ideological principle that had no variation from the previous regimes, a process that further weakens the democratization process of the countries (Diermeier & Krehbiel, 2003). The African situation is fluid as compared to other

Artical Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Artical - Article Example Individuals not familiar with the search engines might feel more comfortable by going to one place for information. In the end, the researchers proved five out of seven hypotheses. There were several flaws to this article. The first is the low amount of participants in the study. The second was the variety of the participants. All of the users of Second Life were already familiar and at ease with computers. The hypotheses put forth by the researchers could be biased the type of participants chosen for the study. A better selection of age, job occupation, computer skills, and other gender might have disproved some of the hypotheses. Until this range of participants is widen, the true value of Second Life might remain unknown. The last critique is also negative. When researching Second Life, the researchers did not consider the avatars made in Second Life might not be realistic. If an individual in the fasion business New York is dealing with an auction house in Paris, they might want to reduce their weight or make themselves more attractive. Also the laws governing cyberspace are slow to catch up with real live laws. Deceptive advertising or business practice would be hard to prosecute. Avatars should never replace human interaction. Second Life is operated in many countries. It would be impossible to enforce any law on this group. These subjects should be addressed in further

Letter discussing favorite person in history Essay

Letter discussing favorite person in history - Essay Example Consequently, he warned that he was going to retaliate to violence with the appropriate force meant to instill permanent solution. His resolution prompted him to lead the end of servitude US, which was on 16Th April 1862. This expanded and implemented the policies of what most Americans currently see as their core national values in terms of liberty and equality. On April 12, 1861 at 4.30 a.m., there was commencement of civil war begun. This began after Gen. Pierre Beauregard opened fire in S. Carolina, specifically at the Charleston harbour on Fort Sumter. This bombardment persisted for approximately over 30 hours but ended with the giving in of the Fort by Robert Anderson. This led to the loosing of stars and stripes, whereas stars and bars triumphed. On April 15th, Lincoln called for over 70,000 people out of their wish join and serve in the military for ninety days with the intention of retaliating Southern challenge. Consequently, this led to the assertion of Emancipation by Lincoln in September 1862, which was after the Union Army at Battle of Antietam defeated the Confederates. He warned if by January 1, 1863 the bombardment had not came an ended, this would adversely affect Emancipation meant to be granted to Union whose intention encompassed halting servitude in all defiant states. Lincoln deemed the only way to settle it was by using appropriate and equal force. In the following weeks, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina, states then having many people in the southern region joined the Confederacy after pulling out from the Union. Since Lincoln was the commander in chief, he was responsible for how the war was going to be conducted. The union was saved by Lincoln’s strong presidency. His presiding over the American Civil War, established the nation as one and indivisible On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This was move meant to emancipate slaves that provided the most convincing illustration of

Planning and time scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning and time scale - Essay Example managing the main risks as well as measuring the VOICE project performance and finally providing appropriate project management period on how the implementation and service support for providing VOICE services to VOs. Time is everything for this particular project. In that regard, here below is a presentation of how the project management is to be done which includes the timescales (Kerzner, 2013: 97). It is important to note here that though the project is supposed to be group work, each member of the group is mandated to play a specific role and hence the planning here below refers to each member and hence the group. The group leader calls for a meeting to do evaluations of the impact of the approach chosen on how compatible is the software to ISO 25000 SQuaRE Standards. This is done by every member where software product quality is thoroughly analyzed by each member and findings presented by each member in the group. The group then checks on all the findings presented by each member Each member is allocated one service process that is affected by the VOICE project whereby he is required to outline every key activity that is required to execute that very service process within the organization. Cost benefit analysis begins and this is collaboratively done by each member of the group. This involves analysis of whether the change of the software is adding value to the company. For thoroughness, each member is given a specific area which he analyses thoroughly then gives then gives the findings to the group who then does fine analysis. The group leader leads the group into identifying and assessing all emerging issues which include all legal matters and any technical risks involved in the change. The group lays down mitigation ways. Once the issues have been identified, the work is shared among each

After the Census of 2000, how have reapportionment affected the State Research Paper

After the Census of 2000, how have reapportionment affected the State of Nevada - Research Paper Example Nevada is one of the fifty states of the United States, situated in the west part of the United States Being one of the US states, Nevada participates in the apportionment in the United States, which involves a process of dividing 435 seats in the House of Representatives among the fifty states in the United States. According to the 2000 census report, the Nevada state had a total population of 2,002,032 0f which 1,998,267 was resident population and 3,775 included the united states population overseas for those whose hometown was Nevada. The article further states that the main aim of apportionment is to evenly distribute the congress seats among the fifty states. According to census determines the number of representatives that a state has in the United States House of Representatives. Those states with large populations are allocated more representatives compared to the low populated states. How reapportionment has affected the State of Nevada after the 2000 census Reapportionment is the process of allocation of seats among the fifty states in the United States based on the previous census. This allocation of the seats is determined by a state’s population. Reapportionment takes place after two years since the last census; hence, after the 2000 census, reapportionment was done in 2003. . this apportionment population includes the adults, children, United States citizens, and immigrants. Importantly, Nevada received additional one representative for its state; however, each of the fifty states is usually entitled to one representative depending on the population of a state. A census in the United States is conducted after every ten years. ... When the census is done, the results are reported to the president by the end of that year, thus the results of the census are used to allocate the congress seats to all the states. There are four different types of formulas that are used when apportioning seats to the states. One of the formulas is the method of greatest divisors; this method divides the total population by the number of seats assigned to each state, such that every state is given the exact number of seats that it deserves. The second formula is the method of major fractions that was invented by Daniel Webster. It was used in the 1840’s, in which it considered adding a seat to a state that had a fraction of a half and above. Alexander proposed a third formula in the 1850’s that ensured that members were allocated to each state depending on the state’s population, while the remaining seats were allocated to the highly populated states. In 1930s, the formula of equal proportion arose in which it u ses the state’s population and divides it by the geometric mean of a state’s present number of seats and the next seat. According to Rourke (1980, pp 7), reapportionment is viewed as a converter from the rural pattern to an urban dominance. He also states that reapportionment is deemed to produce changes in states, even if the change is minimal. During reapportionment, every state is always expected to gain at least one seat; however, apportionment usually affects the distribution of votes such that those states that loose any seat lose a particular number of electoral votes. After a census, the population growth results assist in reapportioning, which has an impact on the number of votes that a state accumulates in presidential elections. According to Salam (2010), some of the states like Nevada may

How Cleanliness and Sense of Beauty Influence the Life of an Individual Essay Example for Free

How Cleanliness and Sense of Beauty Influence the Life of an Individual Essay How cleanliness and sense of beauty can influence the life of an individual Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt, and the process of achieving and maintaining that state. First of all, we should maintain good oral hygiene. We should brush our teeth twice daily, in the morning and after dinner. We replace our tooth brush every three or so months and select one that is best suited for our gum type. It is recommended that we use one with soft bristles as ones with hard bristles can cause bleeding gums. One of the first things that people notice about someone is their teeth and mouth. So we need to invest in a good mouth wash and use that after breakfast to kill off bad breath and make ourselves feel fresh and cleaner instantly. Otherwise, we might have bad breath which will cause people to avoid talking to us. When we are relaxing after a long, hard day, it can be irresistibly tempting to go to bed straight after dinner without having a shower but we must remember to take shower at least once a day, whether it is in the morning, afternoon or night. We should find a shampoo and a conditioner that works best with our hair type. We should always wash our hair after participating in any activities such as swimming in the sea or in a swimming pool and remember to always use both shampoo and conditioner every time we wash our hair, not just one of the two. We should find a good body wash which smells good and works well for us. We should learn to trim and shave excessive hair around the body. Showering and trimming excessive hair is very important. If we do not take shower and have excessive hair, society will avoid us and be filled with disgust towards us. Next, we need find a face wash which works for us. Acne or pimples are no fun to have around, and can make our skin red and irritated. So, we must wash our face every morning after we wake up. Not only will it create a stable face washing routine, it will also help us to feel more awake and alert. This can be an alternative to drinking coffee in the morning! Next, need to use a good antiperspirant, perfume or cologne. This is extremely important as nobody wants to smell bad. There is no need to buy a very expensive perfume just as long as the one we’re buying smells good. We should try and keep a deodorant with us if we know well be participating in any type of physical activity. And mostly we need to keep our bedroom and house clean! We need to keep a rubbish bin in any room we might do any eating or craft-type activities in so whenever we need to throw away rubbish we have a bin to use and we won’t tempted to throw it on the ground. If we leave paper trails and garbage in our house and guests come to visit us, it will look very bad to everybody and they will visit us less often. So, we need to keep our house and environment clean. We should also remember these tips: 1. We shouldn’t share hair brushes or razors. We should clean both of them frequently. 2. We should always wash our clothes as often as we can. 3. We should avoid biting our nails. 4. We should wash our hands before eating any meal so that germs do not spread. We should also wash it after eating any meal so that we remain clean. 5. Where possible, we should avoid participating in activities that make us dirty.

Adam Smiths Theory of Self-Interest

Adam Smiths Theory of Self-Interest Adam Smith is a fascinated moral philosopher and an expert of economic. He left two famous books. I can still get much enlightenment when I read his words in this modern society. His mainly research are on morality and economy. This essay will focus on how self-interest motivates individuals in these two aspects and what role does self-interest plays in the developing society. Having found this complex question, we should have a general understanding of what is self-interest? Many people may confound self-interest and selfish. Adam Smith thought people will do whatever good to themselves when they burned and selfish is a human’s natural action. (Smith Moral ex.) But actually those two words have huge differences. Selfish describe a kind of person who just care about himself of herself. They ignore others feeling or benefit as long as they can get something good from what they did. This is really a negative influence which we should abandon it. ‘Self-interest or self-love is derived from the selfish passions, but self-love is not identified with selfishness, because self-love, like other interests, can be virtuous (the virtue of prudence) or evil (greed or avarice).’ (Werhane, PH 1989, p. 671) Self-interest looks like selfish on the surface but indeed it can make an interaction between people. ‘To the selfish and original passions of human nature, the loss or gain of a very small interest of our own appears to be of vastly more importance, excites a much more passionate joy or sorrow, a much greater desire or aversion, than the greatest concern of another with whom we have no particular connection.’ (Smith Moral ex. 8). Everyone who chase them own profits and don’t do harm to others’ benefits in the meantime is called self-interest. Thus help other is helping themselves in fact and the more you get better the more you are willing to help others, which is a kind of huge power to make our society improve, so our society will become much more harmonious and plentiful eventually. That why Adam Smith said: ‘His interests, as long as they are surveyed from this standpoint, can never be put into balance with our own; can never restrain us from doing whatever may tend to promote our own self-interest.’ (Smith Moral ex. 8) On the other hand, although Adam Smith believes self-interest may make people seems selfish, but it will bring sympathy to them as well. Smith said: ‘The man of the most perfect virtue, the man whom we naturally love and admire the most, is he who joins, to the perfect command of his own original and selfish6 feelings, a real appreciation of the original and sympathetic feelings of others.’ (Smith Moral ex. 7) It is a natural when people burn, which let people take others feeling and their happiness or sadness into them own business, even though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it. (Smith Moral ex. 1) Smith thinks sympathy is kinds of sense which will make their emotion fluctuate with others feeling which can resolve the conflict between individual interests and social interests. ‘The man who feels the most or the joys and sorrows of others, is best fitted for acquiring the most complete control of his own joys and sorrows.’ (Smith Mo ral ex. 5) Furthermore sympathy not only means share feelings but understands and contain as well. We can acquire the same feeling when we in the similar circumstance that others had thus we will have a deeply communication with them. They will see the phase called help other is helping me. ‘Smith argues, sympathy, coupled with reason, imagination, and our natural desire for â€Å"what ought to be approved of† provide the conditions that enable us disinterestedly or impartially to examine and to approve or disapprove a motive, character, or action.’ (Werhane, PH 1989, p. 677). So what prompted the ordinary people on many occasions to sacrifice their interests for others bigger benefits? It is not a noble and grant human natural, it is a strong motivation; a self-satisfied; a self-interest! (Smith Moral ex. 11) Smith thought everybody burn with self-interests they only want to do the things good to themselves, which is the prime motive for human’s active. People help others want to achieve their own goal indeed so they will become better when they help others. ‘He will be more likely to get their help if he can interest their self-love in favoring him, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do what he requires of them.’ (Smith Wealth ex. 3) In this case the more individuals chase their benefits the more they motivate the whole society’s progress and the society include all walks of life will achieve a universal prosperity finally. Just as Smith argue that: ‘He is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an outcome which was not part of his intention.’ (Smith Wealth ex. 6) Each individual is thought to be able to perceive his or her own best interests; they act so as to gain pleasure or happiness in whatever way they choose.’ (Heywood, A 2003, p48)This is something that can be a win-win. ‘By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectively than when he really tries to promote it.’ (Smith Wealth ex. 6) So self-interest is a kind of catalytic of improving society to a great extent in this case. ‘In principle, individuals always seek their own economic advantage; and, in principle, they act strictly rationally to achieve this goal.’ (Skirbekk, G Gilje, N 2001, p 250) Smith call this the law of natural which is free competition actually, this invisible hand is a kind of power which make the market fairer. It is important to make a division of labor in the market; I think the competition is the direct reason which causes this phenomenon. ‘It is the necessary, though very slow and gradual, consequence of a certain tendency in human nature which has in view no such ultimate outcome; [this is] the tendency to deal, barter, and exchange one thing for another.’ (Smith Wealth ex. 1) Smith thought it is the division of labor that increases the productivity. Everyone can just accomplish his part of job; he can focus on his own business. There is an idiom called practice makes perfect, so the efficiency of the whole market must be improved. It is a kind of exchange, just as Smith said: ‘give me that which I want, and you shall have what you want. That is the meaning of every such offer†¦. we expect our dinner, but from their concern for their own interest.’ (Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations extracts 6). People always have much more inter est in their own business than the society profits. ‘It was the conduct of individual human beings that led us into this mess, and it is the behavior of individuals as well as the structuring of systems that has to change.’(Garton Ash 2014) So as we can find from here it is self-interest that motivate people to work; to do those economic activities. Moreover, what is the simplest method to reach this boundary? Smith thought is the freedom and non-interventionism. It doesn’t mean no-government, their function is limited to the administration of justice, and they are night watchman. ‘He attacked economic protectionism: the government should meddle as little as possible in trade and industry.’ (Skirbekk, G Gilje, N 2001, p 249) So Smith strongly recommended creating a free-market. ‘In an ideal free market resting on private property, no individual can coerce any other, all cooperation is voluntary, all parties to such cooperation benefit or they need not participate.’ (Friedman 2014, pp. 122-126). He opposed the state intervention in the economy, because he thought the market will automatically adjust. This is what he called ‘the invisible hand’, it will help people maximum their own profits and the society will make progress with individuals in the meantime. So it can make a combine b etween self-interest and public-interest. When the businessmen work hard to do their own business this ‘invisible hand’ will let them to choose the best-fit for the society. This is also help other is help ourselves. ‘Altruism is relegated to no more than delayed self-interest, so, for example, the more we create a good reputation, the more we can exploit it for economic advantage.’ (Hutton Schneider 2014, pp. 13-17.) So as the analyses I have presented above, we can clearly find that self-interest is the necessary and sufficient condition of our society’s thriving and prosperous. The better market can’t leave self-interest, which means they can’t exist without each other. Smith described that the conflict between self-interest and public-interest can be solved by combining them. They made each other! Thus if everyone can motivated by their self-interest, they will try them best to acquire the profits, which can motivate our society’s economy and make the market much more efficient and fairer ultimately.

Chapter-V Discussion, conclusion and Recommendations

Chapter-V Discussion, conclusion and Recommendations It is relatively easy to appreciate that one of the major issues in regard of the over all health scenario concerned their value to the prisons correctional system. The present research has uncovered the fact that there may included be several problem involved with the administrative, organizational and facilities regarding prison sports as well as establishing respectable physical activities program in a variety of institution including prisons. The long term inmates have suffered dispersal policy. This policy hold that prisons must be concerned with security first and for most, with other issues being unimportant. In the process sum of the program which have suffered include education and recreation. This is problematic because such programs help to lower tension in prisons and build better relationship between staff and inmates. The researcher found that most conventional social activities in prison are sedentary, non-physically active, and similar types of pursuits. One of the major problems in prison recreation and sports is that it primarily serve the purpose of alleviating boredom and passing the time more quickly. Various prisoners made demand to the researcher that there must be a provision to reduce the amount of time spent in there barracks and increase the amount of time for sports activities. They also insisted that better sports facilities must be provided. Model Prison Manual, (2003) of India, states the presence of physical educator in every jail. Despite the injunction by the model prison the researcher found no physical educator in any of the jails undertaken in the study and the allotted time for sports activities was inadequate and the necessary facilities regarding any type of physical activities had not been provided. The lack of government funds, detrimental social attitude and legislation, limited staff, over crowding, inadequate facilities, spars equipments and old fashioned recreational philosophy reduce the chances of inmate to get engage in systematic sports and physical activities. Many inmates recognize that very limited sports facilities (31.91%) are available to them whereas large number of inmates (82.82 %) are interested in sports activities which are not offered often, the stated sports facility needs of inmates are not even considered when developing any program for the jail upliftment. Another problem with prison sports programs involves factors associated with motivation. Inmates often participated in activities for the rewards such as escape from work, trophies and better diet etc. All these extrinsic motivational factor are likely to produce lesser chances of enhancing self image, confidence are likely to shallow. According Card (1983) inmates who take part in recreational activity because of there own personnel interest will likely reap greater benefits than those who become involve primarily through the persuasion. The Government of India ranked the use of sports and other physical activities, high alongwith higher education, establishing the family health and welfare, defense of the country and work for modern India to lead the country at the global plane. Recreation and other sports activities have been the means of obtaining many individual and social benefits. Constructive use of physical activities gives human beings and outlet for creativity and self expression. According to Nash (1971), this drive may be expressed high on a scale in terms of be expressed high on a scale in terms of be explorer, inventor, discoverer, or in the limitless typed of hobbies. Recreation has not only played an important part in the treatment program of the mentally ill, but it has kept patient well. In the light of the preceding discussion, sports may be potentially valuable rehabilitative tools in correction of moral behavior of prisoners. By having the discussion of the researcher with the prisoners in various jails, it had been concluded that physical activities sports and their related facilities would give more balanced life to prisoners and those who are not able are willing the participate in physically active sports should have other options available to them. McDermott. King (1989), found that prisoners are very much involve with physical education for two basic purposes. First it helps to defend against a prisoners physical mental decline. Second it help a better relationship between the prisoners and the prison staff. Following the analysis of data generated during the study following were the main findings: sports facilities and their administration were inadequate and poorly administered, the programs in relation to sports lacked specific goals, the programs help pass the time but served no rehabilitative purpose, there was very little carry-over value of prison activities because many of the sports facilities were inadequate, and attitudes towards recreational activities were mostly before ones incarceration and would rarely be changed by sparse existing rehabilitation and physical activities programs in Uttar Pradesh Mandal Jails. Flynn (1974), Observed reason for limited recreational activities is due to the staff concerned for the security. The greater amount of security that is required, the greater amount it well coast. There is usually a shortage of staff at institution which creates problems with general security procedures. If security is a problem with a general prison population, physical activities programs may provide greater burden on security. A good prison sports program must be well planned to suit the needs of inmates. Forced participation would defeat the purpose of corrections. With careful planning and developing large number of facilities and activities can be provided for the prisoners in any prison. The introduction of community based sports programs with the quality of recreation opportunity as well as the creative reintegration of an offender with his or her family and within greater social system. Security, however, must still be considered apriority for the community. Muth (1974) opined that having the capability of participating in recreational activities with ones partner and/or children gives the offender a much better opportunity to keep his/her family intact. According to World Health Organization (2003) the prisoner must be treated as complete whole person. The recreation aspect of life is stressed to help the offender in this way. During incarceration, inmates suffer the loss of many things: freedom, a sense of reality, sensory experiences, and the reality of who they are. Through participation in sports and other activities, inmates can experience some limited control over these areas for short period of time. The participation will also help on offender in the re-socialization process. Who believes that an inmates need to be seen as a total person for them to become better citizens and recreation through basic sports facilities within the prisons walls is a part of this concept. Though Model Prison Manual, 2003 of India did mention about the Physical Training Instructor under the Educational Personnel of administrative frame-work of jail personnel, but forget to mention the duties of Physical Training Instructor under the heading Duties of Educational Personnel. This itself shows the lack of awareness, among the jail policy-makers, about the importance of games and sports for the rehabilitation of incarcerated persons. Special discussion is required for the Kanpur Mandal Jail due to the fact that the Senior Superintendent of Jail denied the permission the carryout the proposed research work though the researcher produced all the relevant documents of permission and orders to collect the data from the highest authority of Uttar Pradesh Jails, i.e. the Director General of Jail, Jail Administration Reform Services, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. The administrator of the Kanpur District Jail did not comply with the orders and repudiate the researcher to access into the jail premise to collect the relevant data for the present study. The similar administrator told the researcher to go away from his office immediately and escorted the researcher up to the main gate of the jail to ensure the exit of the researcher from the jail premise. Hence the researcher could not collect data from the Kanpur Mandal Jail due to the preceding mishappening. Discussion On Hypothesis: The first hypothesis in the chapter-I was mentioned as Jails do not have an effective organizational set-up for sports. As it has been found during the survey of all the Mandal Jails of Uttar Pradesh that the organizational set-up is not up to the mark for sports as has been depicted in the following Figure: Figure-18 Column Diagram of Organizational Set-up of Uttar Pradesh Jails Hence, the first hypothesis of the study has been achieved. The second hypothesis in the chapter-I was mentioned as Jails do not have an effective sports administrative setup to ensure proper growth and development of jail inmates. As it has been found during the survey of all the Mandal Jails of Uttar Pradesh that the administrative set-up is not up to the mark for sports as has been depicted in the following Figure: Figure-19 Column Diagram of Administrative Set-up of Uttar Pradesh Jails Hence, the second hypothesis of the study has been achieved. The third hypothesis in the chapter-I was mentioned as Jails do not have proper infrastructural facilities in term of play fields, equipments, coaching facilities etc. As it has been found during the survey of all the Mandal Jails of Uttar Pradesh that the infrastructural facilities is not up to the mark for sports as has been depicted in the following Figure: Figure-20 Column Diagram of Infrastructural Facilities of Uttar Pradesh Jails Hence, the third hypothesis of the study has been achieved. 4. The fourth hypothesis in the chapter-I was mentioned as Jails (of All Mandals in Uttar Pradesh) do not have an ideal set-up for sports. The researcher has taken the Model Prison Manual, 2003 of India as the criterion for ideal set-up. The preceding manual states that every jail should have one physical training instructor (page no.44, chapter- 4.03.4-b) under the Educational Personnel but the researcher did not find any physical training instructor in any of the jails of Uttar Pradesh Mandal. Hence, the fourth hypothesis of the study has also been achieved. Conclusion Prisoners often appear to have high rates of recidivism partly as a result of feeling of certainty about their ability to succeed on the outside world. This study does not suggest any co-relation between the availability and use of existing facilities for use of sports and the correction in offenders behaviors. It only suggests, by review of literature and discussion with prisoners that it is possible that participating in sports can have long term effects if there continued after release from prison. Here the researcher opines that if the prisoners keep themselves physically active and goal oriented in prison, they may accomplish the same purpose outside of prison. The study suggests the inadequate facilities for sports and non-availability of physical training instructor in the prisons, often hamper the proper planned physical activities for prisoners. The respondents of the study were prisoners and various jails administrators. Almost all the respondents argued that sports acted a s a release for aggressive energy rather than contributing to further aggression. Given the results of the study in chapter four the government of India, with the prisons, should strive for two main objectives: (i) social control and (ii) rehabilitation. Recreation with the help of sports and other physical activities should be implemented for the former, while education should be implemented for the latter. Recommendations There should be a post of Physical Training Instructor to conduct program of demanding physical activities for jail inmates. Along with the unemployment and poverty, sports and recreation programs should be viewed as the establishment of a general strategy to improve the opportunity of improvement in jail inmates. Recommendations are made for the development of sports or recreation programs as a preventative role for youth-at-risk; and the development of sporting and recreation facilities and opportunities for inmates including financial assistance for sports facilities and development of any existing facilities. It is suggested that for any long term change to occur the programs need to offer follow-up program. The same is true for physical activities programs which should be considered as only a partial solution for the crime rate in India. More qualitative empirical data should be gathered for the sports programs and its inclusion in jail programs. Further researches are needed to provide holistic view of the relationship between various physical activities and crime records. It is suggested to consider a requirement to monitor program to a consistent, minimum standard for the introduction and development of sports facilities for jai inmates. Various sports federations should be encouraged to participate and promote sports activities in jails for correctional recreational. It is also suggested that a clear setup post-program opportunities for participation in various physical activities, particularly in programs with objective of developing the offenders participation to being and independent activity. Clear and systematic communication between any external organization running a physical activity program and the jail official responsible for over-seeing the program. Explicit acknowledgement of achievement by inmates participations in various games and sports, if appropriate by formal awards. A high quality of staff delivering the physical activity programs should be posted at every jail, not simply to deliver the activity but more importantly to achieve the difficult mix of being able to develop personal social skills, engender mutual respect and maintain a clear behavioral code and discipline. Consensus statement on physical activity programs promotion in prisons should be drafted by all the research agencies and universities running physical education courses in order to facilitate to raise standards in health promotion of prisoners by engaging in different forms of physical activities. It is recommended that whenever imprisonment in imposed, however, loss of freedom constitutes the punishment; health and wellbeing must not be compromise. Sports in prison communities requires immediate financial boost in this blessed land of forth-coming xix Common Wealth Games, New Delhi- 3 14 October, 2010. Government of India should establish special programs, through existing tertiary institutions and distance courses, to train jail administrators for physical activities and sports. Directorate General of Jail and other similar agency issue or verify the identity card of the researcher on their letterpad in order to smooth conductance of the research work. The use of community sports and recreational resources must be emphasized. The purpose and content of sports and other recreational programs in all the jail settings must be redefined. Physical activities, leisure services and various sports programs must become an integral component of the inmates treatment process. Recreational rehabilitative programs should be based on more extensive and reliable analysis in order to ensure high quality programs. Newer study may be taken to analyze the number of sports persons and their participation in jails. Government should allocate separate budget for intensive sports programs aiming for the rehabilitation and to promote wellness, a healthy life style and decrease medical treatment as envisaged by the World Health Organization (2003).

Love Lost - Female Submission in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream :: Midsummer Nights Dream

Love Lost - Female Submission in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream After first seeing a performance of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, I would have called it a love story. After reading it several times, I am less sure what it is. I will take a closer look at the behavior and context of the characters to understand how a comedy with three marriages and as many as seven lovers almost concludes without a portrayal of love that satisfies me. The pairings I consider are: Theseus and Hippolyta, Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius, Helena and Hermia, Titania and Oberon, Titania and Bottom, and Pyramus and Thisby. Theseus and Hippolyta’s relationship is the most dignified in the play. They show a desire to get along and they are comfortable sharing experiences and feelings important to them (1.1.1-11; 4.1.111-126). Theseus tenderly dominates Hippolyta: â€Å"Come, my Hippolyta. What cheer, my love?† (1.1.122; 4.1.185). Hippolyta however never reciprocates his use of terms of endearment such as â€Å"my love† and â€Å"fair queen.† In addition, the mythical context of their relationship is foreboding. We are reminded that Theseus is able to marry Hippolyta because he kidnapped her (1.1.16-1.1.19). The mythical Hippolyta later either dies in childbirth, or fighting against the Amazons by Theseus's side, or Theseus leaves her for another woman, Phaedra, and the story gets more sordid after that.[1] Theseus’s reputation as ravisher of women is addressed in the script (2.1.74-80). And the Amazon method of perpetuating their tribe is not romantic.[2] Our perception of Lysander and Hermia’s love develops in the following events: Hermia chooses to become a nun rather than submit to marrying the man her father has chosen for her; Lysander comforts Hermia and shares his plan to elope; They lose their way in the woods and negotiate sleeping arrangements; Lysander deserts Hermia to pursue Helena and to kill his rival, Demetrius. While the initial event establishes a traditional love-story scenario, departures from a Cinderella and Prince Charming characterization occur: Hermia responds disrespectfully to the Duke (1.1.53) and Lysander makes a scornful remark to Demetrius and Egeus (1.1.93-94). When Lysander comforts Hermia and they plan to elope, they show they are well-versed in the nature of mythical love (1.1.132-155). That they have this level of awareness contrasts painfully or comically with their later lack of self-possession. The exuberance of their rhetoric contrasts with the gravity of their situation, and I cannot conceive of these lines being performed in a way that could evoke deep feeling.

The Clashing Interests of The Founding Fathers Essays -- American Hist

The Clashing Interests of The Founding Fathers The framing of the American Constitution resulted in several conflicts dealing with economic issues, political concerns and dynamic conflicts of interest between the delegates. Each separate force had a perspective, usually clouded by personal motives, on how the new governmental system should operate. During the framing of the Constitution, the central conflicts were between the small states and the big states while in the ratification period the struggle involved the anti-federalists and the federalists. Each opposing force struggled for the power to have their personal interest and beliefs represented in the new governmental system. The different sectional interests were incorporated into the larger goal of creating the national government. Power, in of itself, is not evil. When coupled with the self-interest and motives of man, power becomes evil and destroys all possibilities of liberty, law and right. Bernard Bailyn, author of The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, correctly notes that what "gave transcendent i...

What is the meaning of the Ninth Commandment?

The basic premise behind the ninth commandment is truth, whether it is truth in deed, truthful speech or honest thoughts.   If we take the meaning of the commandment further and interpret the words to mean that a person should not lie, then we can understand better how this commandment might impact our daily life, especially in today’s modern environment where deception, and white lies appear to be condoned by our western society. The ninth commandment requires for each individual to be honest in his or her dealings with others, but analysis of the term â€Å"lying† reveals that there is more to being truthful than accurate reporting.The Oxford Modern English Dictionary (1996) defines â€Å"truth† as being â€Å"the quality or state of being true or truthful† (p. 1114) and â€Å"truthful† as â€Å"habitually telling the truth† (p.1114).   By comparison the definition of the term â€Å"lying† in the same dictionary is listed as â₠¬Å"part of a lie†¦deceitful, false† (p.595) where â€Å"Lie† is described as â€Å"an intentionally false statement† (p. 573).   From these interpretations it is easy to reach the conclusion that the definition of both truth and lying is steeped more in the intention of the individual rather than individual acts or words spoken.Brevard Childs (1974) believed that the original idea behind the ninth commandment was a legal one, rather than an ethical one, in that he translated the original text to mean that a person should not tell lies in a court of law (Childs, 1974), however the more modern viewpoint on the meaning of the commandment appears to be related to individual accountability and a desire to live a life of truth (St. John in the Wilderness, 2001, [online]).There are many different ways a person can lie including withholding the truth, slandering another person or action, or telling white lies and despite ethical discussions to the contrary all of these actions are considered untruthful from a biblical perspective.   For example in Leviticus 19:11, we are told, â€Å"you shall not steal, you shall not deal falsely, and you will not lie to one another† (NRSV).   Later in the same chapter we are again told, â€Å"you shall not go around as a slanderer among your people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leviticus 19:16). These are just two of the copious number of biblical references that can be found that encourage each individual to be a truthful person, but how relevant is this truth in modern society?Terence Fretheim (1991) interpreted the ninth commandment to convey a foundation for community and social living.   He wrote, â€Å"unless there is an arena in which there is public confidence that social reality will be reliably described and reported† (Fretheim, p.848), the concept of community could not exist.  Ã‚   Blatnik (2004) corroborates that idea and goes on to say, â€Å"there is no community on the face of public lies† (p.3).   Blatnik (2004) also mentions verses in Ephesians that point towards the idea that â€Å"we are bound to each other in a way that a lie in one place, a lie at one level, a lie by one person, is like a ripple in a pond – the whole pond is ultimately affected† (p.3).Walter Brueggemann (1994) wrote in his book that the ninth commandment is â€Å"a recognition that community life is not possible unless there is an arena in which there is public confidence that social reality will be reliably described and reported† (p.26).   He believed that not only was truth an important part of a just and fair legal system, but that truth should be evident in all forms of public interaction.   For example the modern idea that skewing the truth in the advertisement of products in mass media forums is an accepted part of society, but essentially if public truth cannot reflect public reality then an important part of society is undermined and we as members of this society tend, over time, to distrust the messages we get from mass media sources.In his book Commandments of Compassion, Keenan (1999) suggest that as a society we need to â€Å"create a space where truth can be told† (p.4). He believes that truth should be evident in personal relationships, family relationships and public dealings we have with other members of our community.   Unfortunately this level of truth can only be created if all members of society were totally honest with each other and as it is not possible for us as human beings, to read the thoughts of another person, it is often difficult to tell if a person we are dealing with has the same commitment towards living a truthful life as we ourselves would like to have.John Timmerman (1997) also wrote about how to be truthful in all of our relationships, both personal and public. He emphasized the different ways we as individuals could achieve this level of truthfulness and suggested that if we were caref ul in the words we spoke so that we did not give another person the wrong impression, and combined this with attentive listening to another person, then these actions could increase our own individual ability to be truthful at all times.   Timmerman also noted that the idea of promises were almost a sacred act, in that as we believe in the promises from God, so we should ensure that we only make promises we can keep (Timmerman, 1997).According to John Ritenbaugh (1997) lying is rife in our communities.   His article mentions surveys that show that students lie to their parents about 50% of the time, that people in personal relationships lie about 30 percent of the time to their partner, while 12% of four million Americans in the job market had lost their jobs because they had misleading information on their resumes (Ritenbaugh, 1997).   He suggested that the reason lying was so prevalent in our society was because we tend to use other terms for lying, such as â€Å"exaggerati ng† or â€Å"inaccuracy† to describe the untruths.We seem as a society to accept that politicians are up to no good, that a salesman is probably â€Å"putting us on† and that big corporations must be doing something illegal because they make so much money.   The fact that these beliefs have permeated our social fabric to such a degree that these thoughts are commonplace shows just how little truth we expect from others in our daily lives.   This fact alone would suggest that because we do not expect others to tell us the truth, we might be less likely to be truthful ourselves.   It would seem that much of society is based on the idea that ‘everyone else is doing it† so therefore we can absolve ourselves of being accountable and honest in our own dealings with others.The Bible gives us countless examples of what it means to be truthful.   Deuteronomy 32:4 says â€Å"He is the rock, His work is perfect; for all His ways are justice, a God of tr uth and without injustice; righteous and upright is He† (NSRV). The teachings from Jesus also contain ideas on how to be truthful, especially in terms of the role model he became for other people.   Jesus was an example of a person who lived by his words on a daily basis, and it is through his example that we can see what changes we might need to put in place in our own lives, to be a better and more truthful person.A Christian student goes to a Christian college with the expectation that the people who share the campus with them are going to live by the same standards as themselves.   One of these expectation is that the other students, the tutors and even the administration staff of the college will all want to abide by the ten commandments and sometimes it can be bit of a shock to us to find that not only are there countless people in general society that fail to live by the commandments on a daily basis, but that some of the people in the college are also failing to li ve by the high standards set by Jesus Christ.However, it is my personal opinion that when it comes to attendance at a Christian educational institution that rather than condemn or alienate those students who might lie to us, or fail the commandments in some way or another, that we need to be forgiving and use the positive Christian influence of the college to help understand why some people find it difficult to be truthful in voice and deed and encourage these people back onto a Christian path in life.   We need to heed the words by Keenan (1999) mentioned earlier that we need to create the space where a person can feel comfortable enough to tell the truth.One of the main reasons people lie to others is based on their own fear of being judged by another person.   Most of us feel the need to make a good impression on others, so we feel we are not doing any harm by just omitting a few pertinent facts, or telling a few white lies to make ourselves appear better in a public light. A lthough the intention behind these actions may not be malicious, any form of untruth is a lie, and the only way we can be truthful people, and keep the ninth commandment is to be totally honest in all our dealings, both personal and professional.As students we are all well aware of how easy it is to be tempted to appear â€Å"better† in the way we behave, especially among our peers (Christian and non-Christian), but as Christians we are also aware of how important it is for us to live by higher standards than other non-Christian people might be prepared to live.   We need to remember that we are all sinners in some way or another, which is why I think that it is so important, when we do become aware that one of our Christian classmates is having problems being honest in their dealings, that we help rather than condemn him.   For example one of our classmates might be telling â€Å"white lies† to his parents because his grades are not as high as they should be.Even though we all learn the importance of being truthful in all of our thoughts, words and actions, it is not our place to ignore or shun that failing student – it is not our place to judge him.   Rather we should help him in spiritual ways by studying scriptures that are appropriate for the situation, and in practical ways by offering to help him study harder so that he is able to get a grade he can be proud of.   Blatnik (2004) told us that just one lie by one individual in a community can affect the whole community, but if we as Christian individuals hold fast to our own truths then through the power of prayer and understanding we can help our fellow students stay true to the teachings of Jesus Christ.The ninth commandment tells us we should not bear false witness against our neighbour – what it is asking us to do is to make truth the foundation for our lives here on earth.   Only when we are completely truthful in all of our dealings with other people around us c an we have an honest relationship with God, and that fact applies to all of us, not only as Christians, not only as college students, but also as members of the human race.ReferencesBlatnik, D.J., (2004).   The Ninth Commandment. Second Presbyterian Church Sermons, accessed online at http://www.2prelex.org/S040418.htm October 2, 2005Brueggemann, W., (1994).   The Book of Exodus, in The New Interpreter’s Bible, Vol. 1.   Nashville:   Abingdon PressChilds, B.S., (1974).   The book of Exodus: A critical, theological commentary.   Louisville: Westminster Press.Fretheim, T.E., (1991).   Exodus: Interpretation, a Bible commentary for teaching and preaching, Louisville: John Knox Press.Keenan, J.F., (1999).   Commandments of Compassion.   Franklin, WI: S.J. Sheed & WardOxford Modern Dictionary (Second Edition), (1996), New York: Oxford University Press.Ritenbaugh, J.W., (December 1997).   The Ninth Commandment, Forerunner, Personal. Charlotte, NC:   Church of t he Great GodSt. John in the Wilderness [online] (2001).   The Ten Commandments: 9. You shall not answer against your neighbor as a false witness.   Accessed at http://www.stjohnadulted.org October 2 2005.Timmerman, J.H., (1997).   Do we still need the Ten Commandments? A fresh look at God’s Laws of Love.   Minneapolis: Augsburg

Computer Hacking

Criminology Hacking Exposed Jacqueline Hunt June 10, 2012 Week 9 Assignment 6 Computer hacking has become a more frequent crime in today’s society. Due to the fact that computers are widely used throughout the world and all information is right at your fingertips in a matter of seconds, hacking is an effortless crime, but it comes with a tremendous gain. Albert Gonzalez was fascinated by technology â€Å"computer nerd† but he took it all as an easy way for monetary gain. Gonzalez stole 170 million credit and debit card numbers and either used them or sold them to other cyber criminals.Gonzalez case is the biggest hacker case in history it all ended in him serving a two twenty year concurrent sentences. â€Å"His parents, who had immigrated to the United States from Cuba in the 1970s, bought him his first computer when he was 8. By the age of 9 he was reported to be actively removing computer viruses. Gonzalez, a Cuban-American, attended South Miami High School in Miami , Florida, where he was described as the â€Å"troubled† pack leader of computer nerds . In his senior year at the school he and friend used the library computer to hack into computer systems of the government of India where they left messages about their culture.Reportedly India had to cancel government checks as a result. Gonzalez was not charged and was warned to stay away from a computer for six months. In 2000 he moved to New York City where he lived for three months before moving to Kearny, New Jersey. †(Wikipedia, 2012) Gonzalez ran a scheme with a group of hackers called Shadow crew. They managed to traffic 1. 5 million stolen credit and debit card numbers while in New Jersey. The domain name Shadowcrew. cc was being investigated by The Secret Service â€Å"Operation Firewall† and it is believed that $4. million was stolen. The investigation involved countries like Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Poland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and the U. S. Gonzalez avoided jail time by providing evidence to the United States Secret Service against his associates. After 19 of Shadow crew hackers were indicted he then returned back home to Miami. As a Secret Service informant he earned 75, 000 a year and he continued his hacking business right under their noses. He used SQL injections and malware backdoors as tools to his biggest heist.He called the scheme Operation: Get Rich or Die Tryin’, which is a famous movie about the life of rapper 50 cent, he breached systems like Citibank, 7-Eleven, Hannaford Brothers, J. C. Penny, Target, T J Maxx, Dave & Busters and stole credit card data and resold it to international cyber criminals. His goal was to earn up to 15 million dollars, buy a yacht, and then retire. Those plans were foiled by the investigation which leads to end of his schemes. The debit from the crimes totaled a staggering 4. 1 million dollars. This type of hacker is known as the Addict. In the trial he was sentenced to two twenty year concurrent sentences, ordered to pay a 25,000 dollar fine, and he was ordered restitution. He claims his motive for the crimes he committed, was that he possessed technical curiosity and he had an obsession with conquering computer networks. He also stated that his work for the secret service was to seek out cyber criminals, which he used to his advantage to make his plan work. †(Zetter, 2010) I feel that Gonzalez is an addict hacker because he committed the crime more than once.Gonzalez was even in a situation where he worked for the people who put criminals away and he still could not stop his criminal acts. The sentence he is now serving is just. This crime could have been deterred by the idea that a criminal should not get a second chance. If he was serving time for his first crime the operation: Get Rich or Die Tryin’ would have never came about because he would not have had the access to international cyber criminals. The government should have more strict p olicies on who is used for informants and the hiring process.Gonzalez proved to be a very skillful and intelligent hacker. References Guadin, Sharon Computerworld. com. Government Informant is called kingpin. 18 August 2009 Wikipedia. com. Albert Gonzalez. 4 June 2012 Zetter, Sharon Wired. com. Tjx hacker charged with Heartland. 25 March 2010 < http://www. wired. com/threatlevel/2009/08/tjx-hacker-charged-with-heartland/> Computer Hacking Criminology Hacking Exposed Jacqueline Hunt June 10, 2012 Week 9 Assignment 6 Computer hacking has become a more frequent crime in today’s society. Due to the fact that computers are widely used throughout the world and all information is right at your fingertips in a matter of seconds, hacking is an effortless crime, but it comes with a tremendous gain. Albert Gonzalez was fascinated by technology â€Å"computer nerd† but he took it all as an easy way for monetary gain. Gonzalez stole 170 million credit and debit card numbers and either used them or sold them to other cyber criminals.Gonzalez case is the biggest hacker case in history it all ended in him serving a two twenty year concurrent sentences. â€Å"His parents, who had immigrated to the United States from Cuba in the 1970s, bought him his first computer when he was 8. By the age of 9 he was reported to be actively removing computer viruses. Gonzalez, a Cuban-American, attended South Miami High School in Miami , Florida, where he was described as the â€Å"troubled† pack leader of computer nerds . In his senior year at the school he and friend used the library computer to hack into computer systems of the government of India where they left messages about their culture.Reportedly India had to cancel government checks as a result. Gonzalez was not charged and was warned to stay away from a computer for six months. In 2000 he moved to New York City where he lived for three months before moving to Kearny, New Jersey. †(Wikipedia, 2012) Gonzalez ran a scheme with a group of hackers called Shadow crew. They managed to traffic 1. 5 million stolen credit and debit card numbers while in New Jersey. The domain name Shadowcrew. cc was being investigated by The Secret Service â€Å"Operation Firewall† and it is believed that $4. million was stolen. The investigation involved countries like Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Poland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and the U. S. Gonzalez avoided jail time by providing evidence to the United States Secret Service against his associates. After 19 of Shadow crew hackers were indicted he then returned back home to Miami. As a Secret Service informant he earned 75, 000 a year and he continued his hacking business right under their noses. He used SQL injections and malware backdoors as tools to his biggest heist.He called the scheme Operation: Get Rich or Die Tryin’, which is a famous movie about the life of rapper 50 cent, he breached systems like Citibank, 7-Eleven, Hannaford Brothers, J. C. Penny, Target, T J Maxx, Dave & Busters and stole credit card data and resold it to international cyber criminals. His goal was to earn up to 15 million dollars, buy a yacht, and then retire. Those plans were foiled by the investigation which leads to end of his schemes. The debit from the crimes totaled a staggering 4. 1 million dollars. This type of hacker is known as the Addict. In the trial he was sentenced to two twenty year concurrent sentences, ordered to pay a 25,000 dollar fine, and he was ordered restitution. He claims his motive for the crimes he committed, was that he possessed technical curiosity and he had an obsession with conquering computer networks. He also stated that his work for the secret service was to seek out cyber criminals, which he used to his advantage to make his plan work. †(Zetter, 2010) I feel that Gonzalez is an addict hacker because he committed the crime more than once.Gonzalez was even in a situation where he worked for the people who put criminals away and he still could not stop his criminal acts. The sentence he is now serving is just. This crime could have been deterred by the idea that a criminal should not get a second chance. If he was serving time for his first crime the operation: Get Rich or Die Tryin’ would have never came about because he would not have had the access to international cyber criminals. The government should have more strict p olicies on who is used for informants and the hiring process.Gonzalez proved to be a very skillful and intelligent hacker. References Guadin, Sharon Computerworld. com. Government Informant is called kingpin. 18 August 2009 Wikipedia. com. Albert Gonzalez. 4 June 2012 Zetter, Sharon Wired. com. Tjx hacker charged with Heartland. 25 March 2010 < http://www. wired. com/threatlevel/2009/08/tjx-hacker-charged-with-heartland/>

Explore how Tommo and Charlie’s relationship develops over the course of the novel Essay

Over year 8 I have been reading private peaceful, the book by Michel Morpurgo. In the story the maid character is a boy called Tommo who has an older brother called Charlie and another one called Big Joe along with their mother. Tommo looks up to Charlie and them always look out for each other. When Tommo goes to school he found makes a friend at school called Molly and both Charlie and Tommo fall in love with her. Later I the book Molly give birth to a beautiful, bouncing baby boy whose father is Charlie and Tommo wished he could let out a secret that he has kept since his father sadly passed away. In this essay I will be writing about Tommo and Charlie’s relationship and why Tommo believes he lives in Charlie’s glow during the story. The first part of Tommo and Charlie’s relationship I am going to concentrate on is when they were at school. Tommo looks up to Charlie as a father or the man of the house but also because Charlie always looks out for Tommo one example of this is when they were in the school yard Tommo got in a fight and Charlie took over and for his punishment him and jimmy pearsons got the cane jimmy kept crying â€Å"Ow, sir! Ow, sir! Ow. Sir!† but when it was chalies turn all we hear â€Å"are the whacks, and then the silences between†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ this is one of the reasons why I have â€Å"the bravest brother in the world.† When Tommo first met molly he and molly had a very strong relationship and they still did when Charlie got friendly with her but as molly was two years older than him and Charlie was older by three â€Å"they always ran faster than i did.† And sometimes I felt like â€Å"they wanted to be without me†¦ I was feeling miserable and abandoned† soon this all got worse when Tommo finds out Charlie was in a relationship with molly. â€Å"I was so filled with anger and resentment towards him that I never wanted to speak to him again, nor to molly come to that.† Tommo by now is probably thinking what would Charlie so that to me? The one lad I look up to I cannot trust anymore he knows I love molly so why did he do this?

Characterisation in the Castaway Essay

Tagore’s The Castaway basically pivots around Kiran, Sharat’s wife, and Nilkanta, the shipwrecked orphan who formerly was a young actor too. Although Satish, Sharat’s younger brother, entered into the scenario later it was he who brought the twist in the course of the story. Despite the number of main characters in the story being four, they were sharp in contrast. The attitude and demeanour of both Sharat and Satish were quite harsh towards Nilkanta who, on the other hand, was pampered by Kiran. Kiran was the cynosure of all eyes of her family members. She was a jovial, amiable, caring and sensitive lady. The loneliness of the riverside villa at Chandernagore where she had come to recover from an illness was haunting her and she was eagerly looking for some sort of companionship. The solitude of the place was stifling the cheerful, joyous nature of Kiran and this shows a kind of conflict. Fortunately for her this conflict got resolved as Nilkanta, the shipwrecke d came into her life and she not only looked after him with utmost care but also spoiled him with profound affection and sympathy. Besides giving him sufficient food to eat and dress to wear, she also gives him freedom to come to her room. Moreover, she also had a great liking for Nilkanta’s recitation and singing. In addition to that the tragic account of his former days with the theatrical troupe made her even more caring and protective about him. She started enjoying his company. But the arrival of Satish drifted her attention away from Nilkanta and gradually he (Nilkanta) started feeling isolated and ignored and this is what unknowingly hurt him, bruised his tender mind. The biggest inner conflict that Kiran felt was at the juncture of time when she discovered the theft of the ink stand, done by Nilkanta. She was shell shocked. Her affection for Nilkanta was conflicted with the discovery of the act of stealing. The more affection Kiran showered upon Nilkanta the more he began to be disliked by Sharat though he was afraid to say anything to his wife. There is no denying of the fact that Nilkanta went w ayward and became insolent to some extent. He started taking too much of liberty by smoking Sharat’s hookah, by using his silk umbrella and he even went on to bring a mongrel which spoilt Sharat’s spotless bed with its dirty paws. To add to this Nilkanta became the leader of the local truant lads who used to pluck mangoes from the trees of the neighbours even before they were ripe. Sharat often punished him for all his mischief by boxing his ears. He was annoyed at Nilkanta and did not  know how to handle him without causing anger to his wife. Despite his annoyance at Nilkanta, Sharat could not take any stern step against him because his wife shielded and pampered the insolence and disobedience of Nilkanta. Things began to change completely as Satish, the younger brother of Sharat, arrived. Kiran had a friendly relationship with her brother-in-law Satish. She shifted her attention from Nilkanta to Satish and this created a sense of insecurity, unhappiness in the adolescent mind of Nilkanta who, consequently, began to feel jealous of Satish. The indifference of Kiran towards Nilkanta made him feel that the cocoon of the caring family was no more with him. From the very outset Satish was against Nilkanta whom he considered to be an intruder. When Nilkanta broke out in tears listening to the news of their imminent departure from that villa Satish non-chalantly said that much like an opportunist he was weeping to soften the mind of Kiran. Nilkanta before the entry of Satish was a completely different fellow than Nilkanta after his entry. The energetic, agile, spirited self of the boy was replaced by a morose, insecured one who took Satish as his biggest enemy. Not being able to torment Satish directly he let out his anger and hatred surreptitiously by stealing a beautiful ink stand. He did it in a moment of frenzy without realizing the outcome of it. His possessiveness towards Kiran was the reason behind his act of theft. Although Nilkanta was saved by Kiran from the ignominy of being found out as the thief, it was she who eventually discovered the ink stand in his box. The situation became even more poignant as Nilkanta watched her discovering the ink stand in his box. This moment brought the biggest conflict in the mind of Nilkanta. He neither realized that she had actually opened his box to give him the parting gifts nor was ready to accept the stigma of being a thief cast upon him by his own Kiran. Thus being mentally shattered he left Chandernagore forever with heavy heart without giving anyone any clue about hi s sudden and mysterious departure.

Reflection essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reflection - Essay Example However, technological advancements would have some drawbacks. There will be no privacy in travelling since there will be audits of every route and journey. Secondly, internet connection will not be perfect in ‘moving offices’. Furthermore, ensuring the security of car office can be a challenge as the office is susceptible to criminal activities. Amazon Prime Air is an amazing technology. Jeff Bezo’s discovery is applicable in transporting packages from one point to another through autonomous drones (Stern 1). The technology will create the convenience of handling small-sized items as one can deliver a package from the comfort of the house. It would enable performance of tasks at a fast rate. The technology will also save on cost of operation. Instead of spending money to deliver a particular package, an individual can comfortably send it. However, the technology comes along with several challenges. Packages delivery at the doorstep of the receiving address may be challenging if the system does not identify the specific recipient. Unintended recipient at the receiving address can receive the package. Godsmark, Paul. Don’t laugh; the new Google prototype car has implications for your business. May 28, 2014. Web. June 4, 2014. Viewed: https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140528072025-142059068-don-t-laugh-the-new-google-prototype-car-has-implications-for-your-business?trk=mp-reader-card Stern, Joanna. Amazon Prime Air: Delivery by Drones Could Arrive As Early as 2015. abc NEWS. December 1, 2013. Web. June 4, 2014. Viewed:

The Heart Symbol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Heart Symbol - Essay Example As a religious symbol, it entails a powerful tug to express and convey a message to the observer the greatness of God’s love for his children. In the Christian religion, the symbol of the Sacred Heart stands for the three trilogies; faith, hope and charity. It conveys four great messages; God’s movement towards humankind through Jesus’ pure heart, the movement of the human hearts toward God, the joining together of human heart with God, and the joining together of human hearts in sacred friendship and brotherhood. Ancient Egyptians called the heart symbol Ieb (â€Å"Heart†), believing it was the center of all consciousness, the center of life itself. The heart religion is also used as an icon in other religions like Buddhism, Islam, Taoism and etc. Generally, the heart was depicted and understood as the center of a human’s being and consciousness. In more realistic depictions of the human heart though, morbid messages of death and violence are conveyed, which is in contrast to the usual messages associated with the symbolic heart. Unusual presentations of the heart symbol also exist. For example, people from Sweden associate the heart symbol to restrooms or toilets and defecation. The heart symbol has evolved from being religious icons. The heart symbol has also evolved in its use of slang language, the slang expression â€Å"I â™ ¥ U† (I love you or I heart you) is gaining popularity today in expressing love or affection with occasionally an implication that the feeling is shallow or immature. The slogan "I NY" (I love New York), is a well known pop-style icon that directly promotes the urban pride of New York. No matter how the heart symbol is depicted or illustrated, its impact and power on religion and contemporary views is undeniable. A brief look at a heart symbol brings an unmistakable instant message of affection, totaling to love. For that, it is continually used over time, slowly evolving and taking different forms, bringing with them new ideas. List of References "Symbols 20:18". Online Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms. 7 May 2006.