The Beach

Amanda Matya The Beach The bright sun emerges up over the water, like a giant lollipop coming out over the horizon. The sky fills with its fierce pink and orange glow. A strong gust of wind blows past me, warms my face and the fresh scent of the salty ocean water makes its way through my nostrils as I take a deep breath taking it all in. The warmth of the sun covers my whole body like a blanket. You can hear the faint sounds of seagulls in the distance out searching for their morning breakfast. I can tell this day is already going to be beautiful.As I walk along the beach, the grainy sand sinks beneath my feet, in between my toes and then covering my toes with sand with every step. I can feel the half crushed seashells under my feet. As I get closer to the water the sand becomes a moist damper substance almost like walking on a wet sponge. The water is warm on my feet as the tide flows in a slow repetitive motion up and down the sea shell covered beach. The waves rippling against the shore remind me of a couple making love so passionately. This is my favorite place to be.Beach shop owners opening their shops and early morning joggers start to accumulate at the beginning of their day. Early morning boaters are spotted on the horizon. Some days you can even see cruise ships sailing past. Soon there will be happy little kids running around with their yellow and red pails and shovels. Making sandcastles and motes, running around chasing each other, with their sunscreen covered bodies, trying to catch fish and other sea animals. Parents under their big beach umbrellas catching the mid-day sun rays. There are groups of young kids playing volleyball, and guys playing catch.Everywhere there are lots of laughter and amusement. This is the place where I feel most free. It’s so peaceful to lie on the beach with a long beach towel, a sweet cool drink and a good romantic book, it is very easy to lose yourself into complete paradise. Have good laughs with friends and enjoy a beautiful amazing day on the beach. When on the beach for some reason gives you a feeling of being calm and relaxed. It is a beautiful equation where the water meets land. If I could spend every day on the beach I would. Only one word of advice remember to always wear sunscreen!

Works Of Berthe Morisot And Mary Cassatt English Literature Essay

[ Outline: This is an 8 page essay, written in MLA format, giving a comparing between the plants of impressionist painters Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt. The paper starts by giving a brief background of the two painters and so discusses influences of the two female creative persons to society ; pulling from 3 pieces of their plants. The paper relies on 6 beginnings. ] Comparison between the Works of Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt Berthe Morisot was born in January 14, 1841 in France and began painting as a immature miss, although Gallic society did non let adult females to fall in official art establishments ( Bumpus 9 ) . In late 1850s, Berthe and her sister travelled to Paris to analyze the plants of art by the Old Masters at Louvre Museum under Joseph Guichard ( Bumpus 9 ) . During their survey of art plants in Paris, they learned how to paint out-of-door scenes through a survey that was guided by landscape painter Jean Baptiste Camille Corot ( Bumpus 9 ) . Berthe Morisot performed the first exhibition of her work in the esteemed state-run art show, viz. , the Salon in 1864 ( The Impressionists ) . In her plants, Berthe Morisot concentrated on topics, such as still lives, landscapes, portrayals and domestic scenes. She besides experimented with several media that included oil drawings, pastels and water-colors ( The Impressionists ) . Berthe and her sister Edna earned regard for their endowment in art circ les. She demonstrated the success and possibilities for adult females creative persons in coming class art motions that marked the terminal of nineteenth century. Mary Cassatt lived between 1844 and 1926. She was born in Pennsylvania as a girl of a well-up existent estate and investing agent ( The Impressionists ) . Mary Cassatt was brought up in conformity with her household ‘s high societal standing ; whereby both the school and the household prepared her for her feminine functions as a married woman and a female parent ( The Impressionists ) . Although adult females were merely viewed as best suited for domestic responsibilities and extremely discouraged from prosecuting callings during her clip, Mary Cassatt enrolled in Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts when she was 16 ( The Impressionists ) . She nevertheless left the module due to curriculum ‘s slow gait and unequal class offerings and went to Europe where she studied the plants of Old Masters ( The Impressionists ) . Unlike Berthe Morisot, who had adequate support from her household to prosecute art calling, Mary faced resistance from her household members. However, her hous ehold ‘s opposition did non halt her ; she left for Paris in 1866 to analyze in private in Louvre, where she would analyze and copy chef-d'oeuvres ( The Impressionists ) . She foremost featured in the esteemed Paris Salon, an one-year exhibition run by the Gallic authorities in 1868, when one of her portrayals was selected. Her pictures were accepted by the Paris Salon for exhibitions in 1872, 1873 and 1874, which helped to procure her position as an established creative person. Most of her work concentrated on private lives of adult females and kids, with peculiar accent on strong bond between female parents and kids ( Buettner 14 ) . Comparison and Influences of the Works of Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot Both Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot waged personal rebellion against the restrictive nature of their societies. Their Acts of the Apostless of rebelliousness were manifested through their pictures in art work dedicated to the Mother and Child, such as Cassatt ‘s or Morisot ‘s Le Berceau. Both creative persons employed the topographic point of adult females at place as their primary capable affair and abetment. This is clearly portrayed in their plants that carry subjects such as ‘Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity ‘ , Vision and Difference: Femininity: Feminism and the Histories of Art ( Pollock 122 ) . Harmonizing to Pollock, the limitations placed upon these two female creative persons influenced the capable affair of their plants ( 123 ) . During nineteenth century, adult females encountered rough societal limitations which were accompanied by small regard from their work, pitiless unfavorable judgment and emotional torment ; they were viewed as domestic retainers and placed in places as their sphere for exerting authorization. In add-on, raising kids and housekeeping were viewed as feminine duties and to the full left to adult females ( Pollock 123 ) . Furthermore, adult females were chiefly defined by their maternal capablenesss and maternity within the parametric quantities of patriarchal household was a virtuous norm for respectable adult female ( Pollock 123 ) . During this impressionist epoch, instruction was advocated for all adult females and merely justified as a tool that could better enable adult females to carry through their responsibilities and duties as married wom ans and female parents ( Bumpus 10 ) . Education of females was embraced as a method of cultivating adult females and assisting them to win in their topographic point at place. However, Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot did non hold with these rules of the society ; they strongly opposed them, through their committedness to win in their callings and through topics portrayed in their plants of art. Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt were extremely educated and trained female creative persons, subjected to high criterions of work. Mary Cassatt became celebrated for her portrayals, concentrating on adult females in day-to-day domestic scenes, particularly female parents with their kids, although her portrayals were unconventional in their direct and honorable nature ( Buettner 15 ) . Her consistent aim was to accomplish truth, non mawkishness or love affair ; force, non sugariness. Her picture manner evolved from Impressionism to more consecutive forward and simpler attack, with the 1886 exhibition being the last 1 for impressionists after which she later stopped placing herself with the peculiar motion in school ( The Impressionists ) . Her experimentation with different techniques led her to pulling inspiration from Nipponese maestro graphic artists and she exhibited a series of coloured prints, including adult females bathing and the Hairdo in 1891. In Mary Cassatt ‘s Helene of Septeuil, 1890 ( Buetter 18 ) , the spectator observes a scene of a dreamy kid and female parent about fall ining. The female parent ‘s rose-colored cheeks uncover how dog-tired she is ( Buetter 18 ) . In add-on, the adult female ‘s pursed lips portray the weary emphasis of day-to-day life. This piece of work conveys the message that since many adult females had merely late taken up responsibilities of raising up their ain kids from the nurses, they were non prepared for the boring undertaking. Mary Cassatt ‘s Helene of Septeuil depicts the typical day-to-day swot for a adult female in the nineteenth century. Although the adult female in the portrayal tries to set on a happy show for the populace, her tense musculuss betray her as the kid feigns partial involvement in his battle to be free the female parent ‘s apparels is apparent and uncomplimentary ( Buetter 18 ) . The haphazard visual aspect of her hair depicts the small c lip she has for dressing and titling her hair as she is occupied with many family jobs besides taking attention of her kid and there is no 1 to help her. In crisp contrast, the apparels of her kid are pristine, they cleanly match the straw chapeau on the kid ‘s caput ; the close propinquity of female parent and kid shows that although the two are physically connected, they are worlds apart psychologically. Furthermore, with the female parent ‘s exhaustion she has no clip to link closely or emotionally with her kid, a kid whose presence has merely late been acknowledged. It can be observed that Cassatt valued the familiarity between female parents and kids of the lower category. She preferred to utilize rural adult females in her portrayals because they held their kids with an easiness and familiarity, unknown to upper category female parents ( Buettner 16. ) However, the overarching message of Cassatt ‘s work is an astringent announcement against the society in which she lived and it ‘s subjugation against adult females. This piece of work shows how profoundly the society has trampled the spirit of a adult female. Using this portrayal, Mary Cassatt efforts to open eyes of the society to see the unfairnesss committed against adult females at this clip, including the pinioning adult females to their places and households. The adult female ‘s troubled bosom needs to be comforted by easing the many family jobs that the society has placed on her. This calls for a extremist alteration ; hence the outgrowth of many adult females ‘s motions that campaigned for adult females ‘s rights and societal alteration within the society ; towards the terminal of nineteenth century. As a philosophy impressionist and a member of the haute middle class, Berthe Morisot painted what she experienced on day-to-day footing ( Bumpus 10 ) . Just like the impressionist Mary Cassatt, her pictures reflect the cultural limitations of gender and category in the nineteenth century. She focused on domestic life and concentrated on portrayals in which she could use experiences of personal friends, theoretical accounts and household ; she avoided nakedness in her plants every bit good as urban and street scenes ( Bumpus 10 ) . Berthe Morisot took a conservative attack to her plants of art, which are chiefly characterized by an confidant ambiance. Large free motion coppice shots gave her painting a crystalline iridescent quality. Picture Showing Mary Cassatt ‘s Helene of Septeuil The Berthe Morisot ‘s In the Dining Room, 1886 ( Pollock 125 ) . A adult female is seen trapped in a place scene, devoid of emotion. The adult female is surrounded by pots and pans as she tries to execute her conversational family responsibilities ( Pollock 125 ) . The immature adult female ‘s is nothingness of emotion as she absent-mindedly stirs a commixture bowl, unmindful of its contents ( Pollock 125 ) . The Berthe Morisot ‘s In the Dining Room portrays a perfect kitchen scene whereby the immature adult female appears to hold been overwhelmed by kitchen responsibilities. The scene in this portrayal leaves viewing audiences oppugning themselves about the secrets that lie beyond the adult female ‘s clean stare. The artistic scenes and topic of this piece of work can be attributed to limitations set on female creative persons during that clip. the portrayal shows how female creative persons of 19th century were invariably reminded that their topographic poin t is in the kitchen, despite their aspiration and desire to prosecute callings ; hence they had to be continually surrounded by pots and pans all their lives ; a state of affairs that leaves the adult female in deep idea ; possibly chew overing the following move or wondering if she would of all time be free from the bondage imposed upon her by the society. These images foretell a greater political motion in hereafter, where adult females would run for their rights and freedoms and achieve a permanent alteration. Picture Showing Berthe Morisot ‘s In the Dining Room In Berthe Morisot ‘s Nursing, The painting the surface seems to picture the familiarity between the kid and the female parent. However, the truth is that the kid is Morisot ‘s girl Julie. Morisot has ironically used her girl ‘s nanny as the female parent theoretical account for the miss ( White 220 ) . Following the scene, one may reason that In the 1800s, the cult of true muliebrity started taking form to reaffirm a adult female ‘s topographic point at place. Society started leting upper category adult females to nurse their kids, alternatively of engaging services of a kid nurse ( Buettner 15 ) . Although this tendency did non last long, it stirred a het argument on properness of pattern raged during Morisot and Cassatt ‘s clip. Change that followed refering kids ‘s upbringing may be attributed Rousseau ‘s Emile of 1762. Although trefoils of the clip approved of kids ‘s nursing for a period of clip after birth in order to guarantee a healthier childhood, Wet-nurses became foster female parents for kids of lower and in-between categories, doing it possible for such female parents to hold clip to work ( Buettner 18 ) . Consequently, there were legion nursing clinics in France during this clip ( Buettner 18 ) . Morisot and Cassatt began to size up the psychological relationship between female parent and kid ( Buettner 15 ) . This influenced their plants ; hence the portrayal Nursing. The portrayal depicts a society where female parents would be happier if they have person to help them in family jobs ; particularly in conveying up the kids. It besides shows a fruitful relationship between the nurse and the kid ; with an environment of composure. On one manus, the nurse is happy because by conveying up the kid, she earns a life. On the other manus, the kid ‘s female parent ; although physically and emotionally separated from the kid, she enjoys her freedom from family jobs. A image Showing Berthe Morisot ‘s Nursing Decision The art works of Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt were non simply pieces picturing adult females and kids as mercantile establishment for their maternal inherent aptitudes toward kids but there were deep rooted messages conveyed in the plants ; hidden in their word pictures of the Mother and the Child. These messages related to perceptual experiences of the creative persons about lives of adult females in 19th century. They used their plants to turn to societal unfairnesss imposed upon adult females by society during that clip. Their pictures gave a voice to the society and to a coevals of adult females who have suffered subjugation and affliction ; physically, emotionally and psychologically. Motions of adult females rights militants and other political motions emerged to contend societal unfairnesss experienced and convey a merely society.

Dracula by Bram Stoker gender and sensuality Essay

Dracula by Bram Stoker gender and sensuality - Essay Example If an issue that engulfs the important fields like science, sociology and philosophy, it is sex and gender. It is extensively discussed and the viewpoints are similar as well as contradictory. In some areas in Dracula, they are simply confusing. One finds Stoker is also seized with similar problems and is unable to adhere to a fixed viewpoint. He challenges the popular view of the distinctness of gender boundaries and at other times, steadfastly supports them. Stocker subscribes to the commonly accepted view of the Victorian authors that the assigned status of the women is natural and correct and it is essential to maintain them for the success of gender relations and for overall welfare of the society. Those who transgressed the prescribed limits were considered as aberrant and degenerate. Victorians had a fair assessment of the roles of both the sexes. Since ages, and in Victorian times in particular, man’s power has been progressive, active and defensive and the power of woman is sweet, persuasive, orderly arrangement, astute in decision making and her sixth sense works well which makes her incapable of error. As said earlier, Stocker’s viewpoint on gender and sexuality is traditional, but gender blurring is depicted in Dracula by Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra. The male characters in the novel also follow suit and deviate from the prescribed path. To be specific, Jonathan Harker’s encounter with the female vampires! The sexual roles take an about--turn as for vampires in Dracula’s castle. ... Stoker writes about her arrogance, (1994, p.46) â€Å"How dare you touch him, any of you? †¦This man belongs to me! †¦Yes, I too can love†¦I promise you that when I am done with him you shall kiss him at your will.† More of feminism engulfs the men folk in Dracula. Dr. Van Helsing, while in carriage with Dr. Seward, after Lucy’s(first) death, goes hysterical, cries and laughs, "just as a woman does" (p. 186). The feminine characteristics attributed to a man are clearly depicted. Stoker does tight rope-walking to elucidate his views on gender and sexuality in Dracula. It is not possible for him to express his rigid views on the subject of human sexuality, and he goes by what he sees in the total cultural context prevailing in the society then. Sexuality in Dracula is intriguing going by the established standards, but support to the â€Å"wrong† ideals on sex, makes the story more interesting and popular. At a cursory glance, the story appears to rel ate to the horrifying tale of Count Dracula, but on detailed analysis, one sees the gender and sexuality issues of the era are embedded in the story. But the issues that catch the attention of the readers are the means adopted by women to counter female repression, the lead they take for sexual advances, and the submissiveness of the male characters like Jonathan Harker and Van Helsing and how Mina Murray is subjected to repression because of the aggressiveness and dominance of the male gender. The contradictions in the sexual roles make it tough for the even analysis and interpretation of Dracula. This is due to the â€Å"polyphonic† nature of Dracula. The scene in which Dracula makes, either through force or seduction, Mina to drink blood from his chest (p. 336)

Managment Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managment Accounting - Essay Example However, under ABC, the product ABW generates a loss. In total, the ABC method results into a higher total profit for all the products as compared to the traditional costing method (389,000 > 388,750). Under ABC method, the per unit cost of product XYI = 39.25, YZT = 92.025, ABW = 73.583. On the other hand, under traditional costing method, the costs per unit of the same product are XYI = 40.175, YZT = 92.475 and ABW = 71.45. From the data, it is clear that the per unit cost of products XYI and YZT under ABC method is less compared to the costs under the traditional costing method. The only exception to this fact is product ABW whose cost per unit under ABC method is higher than that under the traditional method. First, to establish a better platform for arguing the above statement, it is important to understand some basic knowledge in the costing process. Cost allocation is a concept that refers to the determination of the expenses incurred to offer a service. Costs can be allocated as direct, indirect and incremental costs. In the production process, manufacturers should be able to determine what costs fall under direct, indirect and incremental, in order to facilitate the ascertainment of cost of production. Activity based Costing is a concept that refers to the ascertainment of various activities involved in the production of goods and services. Thereafter, the overhead costs are allocated to each activity and then assigned to the products and services (Pound 2010, pp. 45-90). Traditional costing on the other hand, allocates overhead costs using predetermined rate. That is, there is no allocation of costs on activities prior to the products and services. According to Vercio and Shoemaker (2007, par 1-18), the most accurate method of cost allocation is Activity-Based. Unlike traditional costing method, Activity Based Costing recognizes the fact that, during a production process, not all costs are

Supporting new business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supporting new business - Essay Example Identification of your competitors - Is there any product, similar to your product, available in the market If yes, how different would be your product from them Why will they buy your product when they are using pre-existing products To answer your potential customers, you will have to perform a gap analysis between your product and those available in the market and highlight the key features of your product that will be beneficial to them. In nut shell, prepare plans for beating the competition. Identification of sales channel for the product - Are you planning for direct sale Are you planning to sale it through the dealers or online on the internet How will the product be delivered to the customers Estimation of the underlying infrastructure needed to support your business - What kind of machinery will be required for the production How many people will be needed to manufacture your product Do you require human resources for any other function of the business One needs money to start a business and to run every function of the business. Where will the required financial support come from You need to assess your financial capacity against what your business needs and fill this gap by arranging for the additional money. Identification of the source of funding - Do you have enough money to support your business If not, who will... Correct estimation of sales and market potential for your product will help you in making a realistic financial plan than simply relying on assumptions. Business Plan: Inputs from market research will enable you making of systematic business plan. Through business plan, entrepreneur will focus on strategies for running the business. Some of the key tasks of a business plan are: Identify the location of the business - How big should be the premises Will it be easily accessible by the targeted customers Is it affordable Identification of sales channel for the product - Are you planning for direct sale Are you planning to sale it through the dealers or online on the internet How will the product be delivered to the customers Estimation of the underlying infrastructure needed to support your business - What kind of machinery will be required for the production How many people will be needed to manufacture your product Do you require human resources for any other function of the business Identification of sales and promotion strategy - How will you promote your products in the market How will you make targeted customers aware of your product Analysis of the possible risk/threats to the new business - Identify, in what ways your business may fail Think about the mitigation plans to tackle those failure modes Financial Investment and Planning: One needs money to start a business and to run every function of the business. Where will the required financial support come from You need to assess your financial capacity against what your business needs and fill this gap by arranging for the additional money. Financial planning refers to: Identification of the source of funding - Do you have enough money to support your business If not,

Open Innovation Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open Innovation Theory - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and analyze new practices by drawing attention to practices on capitalization of a company’s innovation knowledge and potential through participation of resources and external factors (Chesbrough, 2009). OpEx is a project that reinforces and constructs the need of opening an external innovation process to give way to innovation. From a wider perspective, it has been argued that paradigm shift takes place based on how companies commercialize and conceptualize inventions and knowledge leading to firms becoming permeable. On a business perspective, there is inconclusive evidence in defining and understanding open innovation but on this particular subject, the focus on open innovation on a business perspective is more engaging and extensive. There are a number of frameworks on open innovation which can be used to examine the implications and application of open innovation in companies as well as creating various relationships between stud ents and industry. These include crowd sourcing, absorptive capacity, innovation communities, outside-in and inside out process. The approach for identifying open innovation practices is by cases identified in the literature that offers suggestions on how firms can deploy and conceptualize open innovation. Examples of strategies implemented are; Unilever, Volvo and Procter & Gamble to name but a few (Dodgson, 2008). This report focuses more on giving an explanation to issues that surround the establishment of academia industry relationship and tools that can be used in fostering such relations for the open innovation. Factors that affect collaborations between academia and industry are presented and numerous strategies to strengthen the open innovation realization are also elaborated. The internet has become a significant driver on introducing forms of community participation to create and disseminate innovation. (Dahlander, 2008). Disclosing academia industry collaboration through open innovation on the internet has become a viable and an interesting approach to enact open innovation. Introduction This paper consists of a particular focus on the establishment and maintenance of academia industry relations as a way of creating and sharing innovations and ideas. It focuses its attention on exemplar practices to capitalize the knowledge of innovation and its potential leading to external factor’s seamless integration. Interactions rather than occurring in a physical world, it takes place through the internet and is mediated by richly mediated interfaces. The open innovation platforms through integration could enhance access to entrepreneurs, academics, consultants and researchers. Incorporation of particular mechanisms and principles can be recommended into practices of open innovation by allowing interactive and media rich collaborations between academia and industries. According to Chesbrough, â€Å"Open innovation is the use of purposive inflows and o utflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas, as well as internal ideas, and external and internal paths to market, as they look to advance to technology† (Chesbrough, 2012: p. vii). This means that organizations should use external technologies and ideas in their businesses while on the hand allowing other companies to use the unused ideas. Open innovation frameworks Numerous open innovation frameworks are used to design and implement open innovation. Moreover, these frameworks can also be used to examine the implications and application of open innovation in companies but also create certain types of academia-industry relations

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Assignments1-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Assignments1-3 - Essay Example The retirement benefit costs are set to increase in the state of Virginia. The pension plan in the state is underfunded and overburdened and the employee would have to pay for the pension benefits. Previously, the employees did not contribute to their pension scheme but now they will be forced to contribute towards the pension scheme. There will be no benefit for the taxpayer and savings are not expected from the shift in contribution back to the employee. Some say the shift to the employee contribution and the mandatory 3 percent raise will put more burdens on the Virginia Retirement Scheme; the effect is set to be long-term (Robertson, 2011). Poor investment in technology is one of the issues that many financial services companies face. The progress is little for these organizations in terms of service provision effectiveness and increased efficiency. The scenario has been creating an industry that is poorly automated or highly manual and use of processes that are time consuming; the processes are demeaning and insufficient to the skilled finance professionals (Worth, 2011). The cloud based systems are growing rapidly and the Intuitive technology wants to offer the clients and prospective clients with complete accounting system and cloud financial management. The company, Intuitive Technologies has noted the demand for cloud computing in the market and the need to replace the old on-premises financial management systems of Intacct with the modernized cloud based financial management application (PR-USA.NET, 2011). The political reforms in China have had an effect on the growth of China. The political system in China though unfavorable, it has created an economic growth spurt in the country. The political reforms aim at tackling the country’s social problems. The problems include the huge income inequality and the absence of a national pension scheme (Mitter,

Real Beauty Sketches Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Real Beauty Sketches - Assignment Example Repetitions can either be of identical or almost identical words. The phrase ‘Do you think you are more beautiful than you say† has been repeated severally in this film. The film also ends with a similar phrase, ‘you are more beautiful than you think’. Other words from this film, as used by the strangers depict the principle of binary opposition. Each woman describes themselves in a predominantly negative way. Strangers use different phrases such as ‘protruding jaw’, ‘big forehead’, and ‘rounder face’ to mean one and the same characteristic and to answer to the phrase ‘Tell me about your chin’. Some repetition within this film is essential to the theme of the campaign. ‘you are more beautiful than you think’ has been repeated severally to make it known to the women that they are more beautiful than they think, as depicted from the stranger's views.   The things we hear about us from other people may not be of any importance. Some women described their chin from what they were told for instance, ‘my mom told me I had a big jaw’.

GFR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GFR - Essay Example Various tests are carried out once the disease is detected which include – Blood tests, urine tests, ultra sonogram and biopsy. Blood is checked for creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. The normal range for creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl and that of blood urea is 7 to 20 milligrams per decilitre of blood. If it exceeds, then the kidney is not functioning properly. The test carried out will also show the level of protein in the blood-(Proteinuria) A reference range which is both cost effective and quick can also be used to check protein levels in the urine. The normal renal protein excretion is less than 150mg/24 hours. The glomeruli normally filters around 75 to 10 mg/24 hours. Albumin is too thick to pass through the glomerulus and may cause damage. Therefore this test would show the damage if any. Normally the albumin that passes through is around 25-300 mg/ 24 hours. Dip stick tests detect albumin levels and if the level of urine proteinnuria is above 2gms/24 hours, it results in glomerulus disease. The maximum rate at which a substance can be cleared from the plasma is the GFR of that substance. Substances which are freely filtered by the glomerulus and are not secreted or absorbed can be used. Creatinine which is a by product of metabolism and is present in the blood can be checked by testing the concentration of creatinine and plasma within the 24 hour period. In acute cases of kidney failure, a dialysis machine is used on the patient because the kidneys of the patient are not capable of clearing the blood of harmful substances including toxins. This machine consists of tubes which are inserted into major veins to filter or purify his blood. In a patient is suffering from renal disease, his GFR an go down to about 50- 60 ml/min and still no symptoms are shown. But, if the GFR goes as low as 15 – 20ml/ per minute then dialysis is definitely

An event that is a part of your experience Essay

An event that is a part of your experience - Essay Example My mom warned me about feeding the dog especially when its beef bones just bought from the store. On that day, my determination was to do the opposite of what my mother has instructed me. I was driven by the fact that my parents clearly instructed me not to feed the dog. As I walked to our backyard my heart started to beat harder and harder, my stomach grumbled, my legs felt weak almost not able to walk, my hands felt like they could not carry the few pounds of beef. As I got closer and closer to the tree where my dog was resting, I got more and more anxious. Snowy almost looked like a lion looking for its prey; he slowly lifted its head off the ground as he caught the smell of the fresh beef, which still had a strong scent of blood. He stood up almost about to attack me but, we both knew hurting each other is not a priority. I came closer and closer, I opened the bag and I saw Snowy drooling all over the place ready to eat but looking up at me as if asking for my permission. I said â€Å"go ahead boy it is for you; you look hungry† gave him a little pat on the head and took a few steps back. Noticing a bone a little far away, and my dog tied I thought it could not reach it, so I pushed the bone where he could reach it. I started tossing the bone back and forth, as I waited for Snowy to eat. Suddenly his animal instincts took over as he lurched to protect his old bone. Within the next 5 seconds, the unexpected happened. My dog bit me, and my leg was bleeding. I did not feel the pain at all; it was almost as if a doctor gave me a shot, no pain at all just shocked. I looked at my dog straight in the eyes I could see his regret, his pain and anger as well as a tear. I loved my dog, but at the same time hated him for putting me in this situation. Until then I never realized that dogs could cry just as humans did, but that showed me that not only that Snowy loved me but also felt the same pain I do when it gets hurt. That

Represent men and women Essay Example for Free

Represent men and women Essay Through the course of British history, the group in power has had control over communication. In this case and most it is the male gender that maintains control of communication, which is why there are many injustices in the English language towards the way that men and women are represented. There are language injustices towards gender, which include, forms of address, generics and derogatory terms as well as loaded language and gender based suffixes. Since we have simply inherited this sexist language instead of creating it, we should surely not be perpetuating out-of date archaic language. Many of these issues need to be addressed if we are to avoid gender stereotypes and maintain equality amongst both sexes. The issues can be noted in such minor parts of grammar such as pronouns but these are quite important in representing gender. A perfect example of this is in phrase his and hers (normally referring to something such as bath robes belonging to a couple). Here the masculine pronoun his is placed before the feminine pronoun. Many could say that this is sexist but it simply is due to the history of male domination in the English language. This proves the Reflectionist model, which said that language was a symptom rather than a cause of social divisions. However, in some ways language could also be a cause of social divisions. This would only be the case after language was a symptom of Social divisions. For example, the female under-representation in language is caused by the male control (symptom). However, the language therefore makes women feel excluded (cause). Brooks (1983), Dayhoff (1983), Hyde (1984) all researched the reaction to the idea of the generic he, where the default assumption is that someone is male or masculine. Their research suggests that men feel included and women feel excluded, in some cases alienated. The generic he is the theory that he has gained common usage through history. However, the common usage of this term can cause women to feel excluded by the term, men to feel subject to prejudicial treatment by language (i. e. when talking about criminals, drug-users etc), men to be seen as the standard by which we must assess everything (default assumption). Furthermore, gender stereotypes will carry on existing unless the generic he and default assumption are changed to reach a more neutral standpoint. This is why one has to specify when not following the default assumption, such as in the cases of male nurses and lady doctors. Mackay and Fulkerson also noted in 1979 that women rarely judged sentences, which contained the generic he although they referred intentionally to women. This was even the case when the examples suggested female such as a nurse must frequently help his patients out of bed. In some ways this suggests that many women have become accustomed to the idea of the generic he. However, one done a year earlier by Moulton, Robinson and Elias contradicted this research theory. They asked a number of students to write brief stories about people mentioned in stimulus sentences. On some of the students they used a sentence containing the generic he and on the others they used a sentence, which didnt. They found that the ones who read the sentence containing the generic he more often wrote about male characters than the others. However, when I performed this experiment along with my class we found no real difference. This original theory could be wrong, but I think that they have simply over-generalised since the effect of the generic he can depend on the person or people in question. What is important, however, is that the generic he is offensive to both men and women and so it usage should therefore be restricted or prevented. Many believe that the best option should be too avoid offence by not using single sex terms where necessary and try to be politically correct towards language representation. However, although political correctness is intended to be polite and respectful it can seem to be parodic and often hyperbolic. Thus, there are often mockeries of politically correct language, which suggest that some people are unwilling to inherit it. For example, sometimes words such as camerawoman deliverywoman are used in order to seem politically correct. Unfortunately, both seem humorous as the syllabacy (in the case of deliverywoman) or the usage (in the case of camerawoman) seems unusual and slightly ridiculous. People have become so familiar with the use of -man on the end of many words that it is pronounced as m(a)n instead of m(ae)n. Subsequently, some people believe that -man is a suffix and not a word because of the change in pronunciation. For many this is why -woman sounds inappropriate as -man has had a pronounced change to form a suffix whereas -woman is already said as wom(a)n so it will be harder for it to change in to a suffix. This seems to be why the feminine suffixes -ess and -ette as in actress and usherette. However, these sort of terms can seem derogatory and diminutive because they are following the generic he and therefore have to create feminine term for such unisex occupations as actors, ushers and authors. Surely, the first male term should be kept and applied to both sexes. Some professions already have a universal name such as in the case of Doctors and writers although when describing a female in one of these professions, some may say lady doctors or women writers. There are also the odd occasions when man is a prefix such as in mankind. In reality this word should be adapted to humankind to maintain a neutral meaning Furthermore, it is important to use neutral words in this society to maintain equality between the two sexes. Therefore, words such as chairman should be changed to chairperson or chairholder and fireman should be changed to fire fighter. The supreme effability principle states that language can convey any thought or meaning, which humans may want to communicate. This is why vocabulary is constantly being developed to reflect new ideas advances. This would mean that people would begin to use more neutral words and phrases as the stress for gender equality continues in modern society. This idea of course feeds back to Edward Sapir and Franz Boas Reflectionist model in that the language will become more neutral towards gender as society does. However, forms of address still seem to be archaic in modern day society and only recently have people attempted to rectify it. For example, the female title Ms was introduced quite recently to create a female term with the same semantics as the male equivalent Mr. Before the creation of this word, women had to use the terms Mrs or miss. These would signify the womans marital which was unfair when the men only had one single term so they could hide their own marital status. So, the phrase Mr and Mrs is pejorative to the woman, as they have to show their marital status yet their husband does not. An alternative to this phrase would be Mr and Ms. The phrase ladies and gentlemen is also unjust as it refers to women in a neutral way and men in a complimentary, hyperbolic way. To combat this an alternative would be Lords and ladies or something to a similar effect. The couplet of words master and mistress used to have equal meanings when established but now the masculine word master has developed connotations of power and control (this explains the verb to master) whereas the feminine word mistress has had a semantic change and developed sexual connotations. This phrase should simply be avoided since it has been used for centuries and will soon be archaic as the meanings of the two words are so different. As Shirley and Edwin Ardener researched, the male gender have been in a position of power and so have developed injustices in the English language such as the abundance of words describing which have sexual connotations. D. Bolinger did a test to compare the connotations of words that described men and women. I followed this idea and found out that about 50% of the words chosen for women had sexual connotations whereas it was only about 25% for men. Words like slut tart babe were copious in the list of words describing women This shows that womens sexuality is over-represented in language whereas forms of address for women are seriously limited On the other hand mens sexuality is under-represented in language whereas forms of address for men are almost over-represented. This is all due to the fact men held the power to control language through English history. In truth more words with positive connotations will begin to spring up which describe women as the weight of equality shifts to the middle. However, part of the reason that there are still so many words describing womens sexuality is because the media still include many derogatory terms relating to womens sexuality. The television, radio, newspapers, films and magazines still include the sexuality of women since it includes loaded language relating to sex that interests the public. On the other hand, newspapers should avoid infanticization by using derogatory terms like sex kitten when describing women. This seems to unjust since these types of terms would not be used on men since these terms fit the female stereotype. They are normally infanticizing diminutives, which also have sexual connotations. Furthermore, less words describing men as the dominant sex should be used and newspapers should avoid using words describing mens sexuality that are almost complimentary such as a stud. English language does have many gender injustices, according to forms of address, affixes, pronouns and generic descriptions. These all have words that portray men in a more positive light than women. However, unlike most other romance languages, English is far more neutral in the fact that words do not have gender. This means words cannot be associated with a certain gender only their meaning can. Furthermore, most of the problems can be easily fixed as the language evolves.

Accounting Essay Example for Free

Accounting Essay Merchandise inventory is generally valued at the price for which the goods can be sold. reported under the classification of Property, Plant, and Equipment on the balance sheet. reported as a current asset on the balance sheet. often reported as a miscellaneous expense on the income statement. Items waiting to be used in production are considered to be finished goods. merchandise inventory. raw materials. work in progress. In a manufacturing business, inventory that is ready for sale is called store supplies inventory. finished goods inventory. aw materials inventory. work in process inventory. Inventory items on an assembly line in various stages of production are classified as Finished goods. Work in process. Merchandise inventory. Raw materials. Rudolf Diesel Companys inventory records show the following data: Units Unit Cost Inventory, January 1 5,000 $9. 00 Purchases: June 18 4,500 8. 00 November 8 3,000 7. 00 A physical inventory on December 31 shows 3,000 units on hand. Under the FIFO method, the December 31 inventory is $21,750. $21,000. $27,000. $24,000. Rudolf Diesel Companys inventory records show the following data: Units Unit Cost Inventory, January 1 5,000 $9. 00 Purchases: June 18 4,500 8. 00 November 8 3,000 7. 00 A physical inventory on December 31 shows 3,000 units on hand. Under the FIFO method, the December 31 inventory is $21,750. $21,000. $27,000. $24,000. In a period of rising prices, FIFO will have lower cost of goods sold than LIFO. lower net income than LIFO. lower net purchases than LIFO. lower income tax expense than LIFO. The inventory turnover ratio is computed by dividing cost of goods sold by 365 days. verage inventory. beginning inventory. ending inventory. Quigley Companys records indicate the following information for the year: Merchandise inventory, 1/1 $550,000 Purchases 2,250,000 Net Sales 3,000,000 On December 31, a physical inventory determined that ending inventory of $600,000 was in the warehouse. Quigleys gross profit on sales has remained constant at 30%. Quigley suspects some of the inventory may have been taken by some new employees. At December 31, what is the estimated cost of missing inventory? 700,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 Quigley Companys records indicate the following information for the year: Merchandise inventory, 1/1 $550,000 Purchases 2,250,000 Net Sales 3,000,000 On December 31, a physical inventory determined that ending inventory of $600,000 was in the warehouse. Quigleys gross profit on sales has remained constant at 30%. Quigley suspects some of the inventory may have been taken by some new employees. At December 31, what is the estimated cost of missing inventory? $700,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 Cash from sales of merchandise will be recorded in the sales journal. ash receipts journal. purchases journal. general journal. Posting a sales journal to the accounts in the general ledger requires a debit to Cash and a credit to Sales. debit to Accounts Receivable and a credit to Inventory. debit to Sales and a credit to Inventory. debit to Accounts Receivable and a credit to Sales. The process of totaling the columns of a journal is termed footing. ruling. columnizing. sizing. Cross-footing a cash receipts journal means all necessary postings have been completed. each line of the journal has a horizontal total. the columns of the journal have been cross-referenced. he equality of debits and credits in the journal have been proved. Entries in the purchases journal are made without supporting documentation. from purchase invoices. from sales invoices. from the general journal. Principles of an efficient and effective accounting information system include all of the following except cost effectiveness. flexibility. useful output. All of these options are principles. Which of the following is not an advantage of a subsidiary ledger? Puts greater detail in the general ledger. Makes possible a division of labor. Shows transactions affecting one customer or one creditor in a single account. Helps locate errors in individual accounts. Cash equivalents include each of the following except U. S. Treasury bills. bank certificates of deposit. money market funds. petty cash. An example of poor internal control is one person should be responsible for handling related transactions. the accountant should not have physical custody of the asset nor access to it. a salesperson makes the sale, and a different person ships the goods. the custodian of an asset should not maintain or have access to the accounting records. Having different individuals receive cash, record cash receipts, and hold the cash is an example of documentation procedures. establishment of responsibility. segregation of duties. independent internal verification. Storing cash in a company safe is an application of which internal control principle? Establishment of responsibility Segregation of duties Documentation procedures Physical controls Using prenumbered checks and having an approved invoice for each check is an example of segregation of duties. documentation procedures. independent internal verification. establishment of responsibility. An application of good internal control over cash disbursements is check signers should record the cash disbursements. blank checks should be stored in the treasurers desk. each check should be compared with the approved invoice after the check is issued. following payment, the approved invoice should be stamped PAID. Journal entries are required by the depositor for all of the following except bank service charges. an NSF check. collection of a note receivable. bank errors. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that can be converted into a specific amount of cash with maturities of 6 months or less when purchased. year or less when purchased. 1 month or less when purchased. 3 months or less when purchased. The financial statements of Gentry Manufacturing Company report net sales of $400,000 and accounts receivable of $80,000 and $40,000 at the beginning and end of the year, respectively. What is the average collection period for accounts receivable in days? 50 times 40 times 80 times 54. 7 times Writing off an uncollectible account under the allowance method requires a debit to Bad Debts Expense. Uncollectible Accounts Expense. Accounts Receivable. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. The direct write-off method estimates bad debt losses. is acceptable for financial reporting purposes. shows only actual losses from uncollectible accounts receivable. debits Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to record write-offs of accounts. Putnam Companys account balances at December 31 for Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts were $2,100,000 and $105,000 (Cr. ), respectively. An aging of accounts receivable indicated that $192,000 are expected to become uncollectible. The amount of the adjusting entry for bad debts at December 31 is $87,000. 297,000. $105,000. $192,000. The interest rate specified on any note is for a day. week. month. year. On February 1, Platt Company received a $9,000, 10%, four-month note receivable. The cash to be received by Platt Company when the note becomes due is $9,300. $300. $9,000. $9,900. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is computed by dividing total sales by ending net accounts receivable. total sales by average net accounts receivable. net credit sales by average net accounts receivable. net credit sales by ending net accounts receivable.

International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay

International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay I am a Marketing Executive, working in a mid-size firm, based in London. The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of globalisation on marketing strategies of Companies and then, convince my Manager to take necessary steps, in order to respond to Globalisation; thereby expanding market and increasing profit. To accomplish the stated objective, we need to go in-depth and analyse/understand issues from beginning, starting from What is Globalisation? WHAT IS GLOBALISATION? It is not too long, when people from one part of the world did not know the existence of others. Peoples desire to share knowledge and explore the whole world led to some major exploration likes Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, who made the connection between Europe and America. Before this period, people had no scope to know about knowledge or innovations of others. It was the 16th century A.D. that brought Patagonian Indians to America. During the 17th century Europeans discovered Australia and by that time the whole world was recognized and was ready for contact and trade activity. This can be considered to be the earliest recorded history of the beginning of a new era called globalization (Daniels et al., 2002). Although the idea of globalization and its relation to the business world is not too old and it is only in the last two decades that the current trend of globalization has brought a dramatic change to the business world (Thoumrungroje Tansuhaj, 2004). However, Globalization has been defined by Jane Fraser and Jeremy Oppenheim (1997), in the simplest terms, as a process by which the worlds economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into a set of markets that operate without regard to national boundaries. WHAT DRIVES IT? In mid 1980s, after facing some fast changes in cold war, East world-West world relation became almost friendly. In addition, after the fall of Soviet Union, lot of emerging markets appeared in the context of world market, with an aspiration to enhance their living standard. In 1990s, West Germany and East Germany re-merged and appeared as a potential industrialist country in world market. Many Eastern Europe countries and transition economies countries joined in European Union. China and India started exporting goods and services to large regions of the globe, particularly to the United States. The powerful economic growth of countries, resulted in enlarged local demands, leading to divergence between provinces, discriminations in income, anxieties about employment, and increases in energy prices (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). The USA market took the leadership role in this current trend of globalization. Factors like decentralization, privatization, deregulation as well as the growth of cyberspace made the globalization process faster. Through decentralization, new trading markets and trading blocs have emerged around the world. The companies are able to produce, buy or sell goods anywhere in the world and meet the local and regional needs. On the other hand, deregulation removed the trade barriers and helped to form NAFTA, LAFTA and World Trade Organization. Also, non government organization became involved in globalization through the process of privatization. Countries like India and China became more involved in global trade due cyberspace and technological improvement (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). Many authors and scholars have talked about many characteristics of globalization around the world. But factors like fast technological progress, the deteriorating role of the nation state, transfer of industrial production from western countries to newly industrialising countries for cheap labour and material are key drivers of globalization (Brown, 1999). THE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION The effects of globalization are spreading widely day by day. All the major industries and businesses of both developed and developing countries, along with individuals, are affected by globalization (Garrette, 2000). The current business environment is more aggressive and competitive and can be characterised as hypercompetitive environment (DAveni, 1994). As markets are becoming more global day by day, the trade involves more countries and economies around the world. World merchandise trade was $157 billion in 1963 and it has become $10,159 in 2005 which is a significant increase of $10 trillion. Also, service trade which used to be $365 billion in 1980 has increased to $2,415 billion (Held Mcgrew, 2007). The effect of globalization brought dramatic changes in the business environment and companies are restructuring their business due to this reason (Jones, 2002). One of the most strategical change and significant business development in the recent years, is the formation of co-marketing alliances (Hwang and Burgers, 1997). Globalization does not always bring good outcome to all people. It has badly affected the job sector of the developed countries, where jobs of manufacturing sector has decreased. Other issues for developed countries include the debt obligations to international bank. The amount has increased to $1 trillion which has an adverse impact on their economy. The privatisation sector, deregulation and currency adjustment has been affected due to this reason (Roukis, 2006). On the other hand, Held Mcgrew (2007) suggests that economic globalization could encourage economic development as well as it could be the only successful path to global poverty reduction. During 1970, there were more than 1400 million people who used to earn less than $2 a day and during 1998, this figure came down to less than 1000 million. WHAT IS MARKETING STRATEGY? According to Varadarajan Clark (1994), Marketing strategy is concerned with the creation of a marketing mix that enables the business to achieve its objectives in a target market. Aaker (2009 cited by Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) notes that marketing strategy can involve a variety of functional area strategies including positioning, pricing, distribution, and global strategies. The overriding principle driving a firms marketing strategy is that, marketing strategy depends on the companys vision for its future. This vision generally reflects where the firm expects to position itself in five to ten years-in effect, how the market perceives the firm. The development of a marketing strategy needs a basic assessment of both the firm and the market. The strategy, chosen, has to be the best at increasing the firms assets, with respect to the target market (Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) Also, the key task of international marketing management is to establish a companys overall international strategy which also decides the degree of international integration of the company (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL MARKETING Global marketing or globalization of markets is a key issue for multinational business firms. Many companies who markets global products around the world such as Nestle, Sony, and many others has to carefully look for opportunities in the international markets. Globalization of markets is a challenging issue for governments and political party or trade unions while business related people or organizations encourage the initiative of open trade which connects different markets by going beyond the national boundary. The technological advancement of the 21st century has been a key factor behind global marketing. Consumers around the world wants new and innovative product even if they are being made in the other part of the world because technology makes them aware about the existence of that new product. Business firms accept this commercial reality and as result enjoy greater economies of scale in production or marketing or distribution. As a result, the globalization of business helps them to offer products at a cheaper rate and thus gain a competitive advantage among its competitors (Buzzel et al.,1995). Although global marketing strategy and globalization of markets are two interrelated areas but there is a little difference between them. Global marketing strategy is needed in order to improve the efficiency of operations while globalization of markets is occurring due to the homogeneity of demand across cultures (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). Due to the raise in globalization of markets day by day companies find they are inevitably surrounded by foreign consumers as well as their competitors and suppliers. On the other hand, different countries have to admit the limitation of their own assets and the advantage of trade activities outside their own boundaries. Thus engaging in international business for both firms and countries are very much essential. According to Ghauri and Cateora (2006), the following factors play an important role in shaping of international business. Each country or economy is dependent to other economies. The formulation of free trade areas such as ASEAN, EU, APEC and NAFTA and the expansion of business activities in those areas. Countries having greater purchasing power due to their improving economy The arrival of new and potential markets with a large number of customers such as countries like India, China, Russia, Brazil, Malaysia etc. Technological advancement has been the key factor behind the improvement of transportation and communication. In order to engage in international business, companies need to have proper international marketing strategies. As international markets bring new opportunities and threats, appropriate strategies could help them to overcome possible difficulties in the international markets. Also, international companies need to respond to customer needs and wants by adapting existing product or by bringing new product to the market (Bradley, 2002). EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON COMPANIES MARKETING STRATEGIES According to Czinkota Samli (2007), Globalization enables international marketing to take place all around us, and to continuously offer new opportunities and challenges. Successful economies are always driven by customer needs and wants. The bureaucratic plans do not play an important role there. On the other hand, a firm must have a strategic response to the challenges of global market. Companies which are expanding their business in domestic market need to choose an appropriate strategy suitable to their situation. Since a global company is involved in many countries economy, it brings the idea of standardizing the marketing activities. The recent trend in globalization encourages the companies as well as countries to engage more in world trade activities. World exports were three times higher in 1998 than 1950; according to a WTO estimate, in 2001 this ratio was 29 per cent and in 2005 it was 27 per cent comparing to 12.5 per cent in 1970 and 17 per cent in 1990. In spite of 11 September attack in the USA the world economy is still achieving a rapid growth (Held Mcgrew, 2007). Also, Czinkota and Samli (2007) suggest that the base of globalization has two dimensions. The first one deal with deregulation, decentralization, the development of electronic data transfer and the other is characterised by capital flow, information and technological development. These features accelerate globalization, which enable companies to engage in international trade activity. Thus globalization provides a powerful foundation for international marketing to make progress. CO-MARKETING ALLIANCES According to Hewang and Burgers (1997, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), one of the recent trends to overcome the globalization effects has been the formation of marketing alliances. As companies around the world are restructuring their business to meet the global threats co-marketing alliances can bring greater success in the international marketing performances. In simple words, Anderson and Narus (1990, cited by Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) defines Co-marketing alliances as a form of working partnership with mutual recognition and understanding that the success of each firm depends in part on the other firm. Its a contractual relationship between the two firms, whose respective products acts as complimentary products, in the market. The purpose of such relationship is to intensify and/or build awareness, about benefits of such complementarities. The co-ordination between firms can be extended into product development, product and even research development. Also, according to Hoskisson et al. (2004, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), co-marketing alliances are a particular type of strategic alliance which is a business level competitive strategy. The primary focus of such alliance is to create a competitive advantage in the international market. It is also called horizontal complementary strategic alliance. The main objective of such alliance formation is to maximize the companies profit by utilizing their resources and capabilities. Co-marketing alliances also helps firms to gain better market position through increasing sales and market share. The following figure explains the relationship between co-marketing alliance, globalization effects and international marketing performance. Global Competitive environment Global Market Uncertainty Cooperation in Co-Marketing Alliance International Marketing Performance Global Market Opportunities Conceptual relationship of globalization effects, cooperation and performance. Source Adapted from (Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj ,2004). However, Co-marketing alliance does have significant management challenges, in spite of its potential contribution. There are chances of disagreement between partners, as they often tend to compete with each other in terms of product lines and occasionally, even those covered by co-marketing agreement. In fact, there is a high possibility of opportunism as one of the partners may use the other to gain market position only; or may be to build technological skills from the knowledge of the others intellectual property. (Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) STANDARDISATION VERSUS ADAPTATION Its been a long time, since the two opposing international marketing strategies have been debated upon standardisation versus adaptation of products. Standardization means selling essentially the same product in all markets. The advantage of standardisation is low costs, as designing, manufacturing and distributing same product across countries involves less of investment. However, selling identical products across borders may be undesirable due to differences in the legal environments, distribution channels, climates, topography, levels of market and technological development, and competitive and cultural factors. As customers of different countries have different requirements, a standardised product might not be able to satisfy all customers. (Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004) On the other hand, product adaptation refers to the degree to which the physical characteristics or attributes of a product and its packaging differs across national markets (Cavusgil et al., 1993 cited by Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004). Though customising products for different markets increases cost, the adapted products are more likely to fit the needs of the varied range of customers of different countries and become more acceptable; but would command higher margins, generating greater revenues. For example, Procter Gambles (PG) Oil of Olay skin moisturizer has different type of product in different countries, based on research of the need of customers in those countries; instead of just changing the language on the bottle of the same product. Doole and Lowe (1999) suggests within the elements of marketing management products or service image or marketing objective and strategies can be standardised easily than pricing or distribution. Pricing Differentiation Distribution Sales force Sales promotion Product Image Objective strategy Standardisation In one of the important studies on this topic, Cavusgil et al. (1993) concluded that it is difficult to make blanket statements about suitable standardization/adaptation strategy without an examination of (these factors). The preferable option for firms is to take such a strategy which is a mixture of standardisation as well as adaptation of the different elements of marketing management programmes. Most companies around the world globalise some elements of the marketing mix while localising others and they use a combination of multi-domestic, global or regional, and transitional strategies. Many international firms find it difficult to optimally balance standardizing and adapting their marketing, specifically the marketing strategies, across national borders, in order to be successful. Also, in the process of internationalisation, firms need to find the correct approach towards globalisation, regionalisation and localisation of business activities, in general, along with finding a way to transfer the approach to their marketing strategies level (Stefan Schmid and Thomas Kotulla, 2011). CONCLUSION This study has found more positive effects of globalization than negative ones. Globalisation has lead to the change of marketing strategies of companies to some extent, but its ultimate objective has been profit maximization rather than anything else. Several effects of the current globalization trends include formation of co-marketing alliances as well as the standardization or adaptation of marketing mix. Therefore, as per the evidences provided above, I would like to request my Manager to either start co-marketing alliance with a company or to bring about changes in the marketing mix with respect to standardisation or adaptation; in order to go beyond boundaries and maximise our profit.

Essay --

Restaurant Perhaps there is nothing more satisfying than a fine dining experience. Food cleverness and high standards makes it to be a memorable time for anyone in a restaurant. They should design their restaurant in a brilliant way which should have partial transparent glasses so people can see the restaurant from inside. Good bright lightening, beautiful furniture, intoxicating fresh food smell, and relaxing music will often end up in lusting environment at places like these. Waiters In order to run a restaurant, waiters are must. And because Domino’s pizza was more of take away focused, they will now have to hire more employees. These waiters will welcome customers into the restaurant and take their orders and service them. They should be literate and have good communication skills that can be clearly understood. They must have past experience in restaurants and must have a good personality in order to present themselves to the customers. They should always put the customer’s needs first and not keep the customer waiting for long. Perhaps, they should keep in mind that there fore...

Ancient Solar Architecture Essay -- Essays Papers

Ancient Solar Architecture Passive solar design and architecture may seem like a distant dream in our fast paced modern world, but in reality it’s more of a modern revival of a style of energy efficient building that has been around for millennia. What once seemed to be common sense ideas for designing a house that could both keep you cool in the summer and warm in the winter has somehow been forgotten since we started to overuse the planet’s resources on our own comforts. When heating a house took lots of effort it was the wise choice to design a building that could use the energy provided by the sun in the most advantageous ways. Unfortunately, in my opinion, since all we have to do now to heat our house is a turn a dial and pay the bills, many of the simplest ways to cut down on our rising energy consumption have been completely disregarded. Fossil fuels allowed people to provide artificial light and temperatures. This meant that houses could be built without paying attention to the natu ral world. However, as more and more people agree that fossil fuels will almost certainly run out sometime in the next century, there has been a growing revival in passive solar design. Here, I hope to show you some of the basic principles of passive solar design and how they helped people thousands of years ago in an effort to make people understand how these ancient techniques can be improved on today to help with our growing energy problem. It wasn’t just one or two ancient cultures that used solar design; in fact almost all ancient civilizations used some form of solar design. Past civilizations evolved architectural styles that took advantage of the natural space conditioning effect of the sun, wind and water to keep their room... ...from some of these ancient civilizations and planning cities around energy efficiency and passive solar design is a great way to take action and start to head in the right direction. As H.G Wells said: â€Å"Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe.† References Chiras, Daniel D., The Solar House: Passive Heating and Cooling, Chelsea Green Publishing Co., White River Junction, VT. 2002 Hastings, Robert S., The Evolution of Solar Architecture. www.ebd.lth.se/avd%20ebd/main/Summerschool/ Lectures/lect-f-hastings.pdf Solar Architecture: A Historical Perspective http://mhathwar.tripod.com/thesis/solar/a_historical_perspective.html Solar Evolution: The History of Solar Energy http://www.californiasolarcenter.org/history_passive.html Solar Architecture http://mhathwar.tripod.com/thesis/solar/solar_architecture.htm

Does Free Trade Retard or Improve Development in Developing Countries E

Introduction The 19th century international system was a very significant era of the doctrine and practice of free trade. This key date in the 19th century was 1846, the year England repealed the corn law. The corn laws had protected British aristocrats and farmers from imported corn. Corn at this time was used to make bread. This dispute pitted industrialists and many workers against landowners and farmers. The industrialist wanted cheap corn so that the cost of bread would be lowered and they could reduce or reduce workers wages. This would give their products a competitive advantage in international markets over products from nations where the cost of food and wages were expensive. The workers in Britain also supported this law because they wanted to buy cheap bread. David Ricardo, a stock trader and member of parliament, articulated the liberal theory of comparative advantage which made intellectual case for free trade. Today this theory of comparative advantage has remained the bedrock of ar guments for economic integration and free trade. The broad purpose of this paper is to try and answer these questions; †¢ Does Free Trade Improve or Retard Development in Developing Countries †¢ Is Free Trade really Free. Free trade is the trade among two or more countries without any limitations imposed by the governments or other regulators; thus the free movement of goods and services across national frontiers (O’Brien and Williams, 2007 p.139). (Vander .W, 2005 p.24). It points to the liberalisation of the markets of nations through the elimination of tariffs, quotas and other form of restrictions to allow the free flow of products beyond national borders. Benefits of Free Trade Trade Openness. Free Trade has remained a fundam... ...the Barrel: Africa’s Oil Boom and the Poor. Available at http://www.crsprogramquality.org/storage/peacebuilding/Bottom%20of%20the%20barrel.pdf European Commission, (2012). Trade, growth and development; Tailoring trade and investment policy for those countries most in need [SEC (2012) 87 final]. O’Brien, R. and Williams, M. (eds.) (2007) Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics. 2nd edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave. OECD, (2009). Journal on Development Trading Out of Poverty; How Aid for Trade Can Help. World Bank (2000) World Development Indicators 2000. Washington D.C: World Bank [Online] Available at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator Stop Free Trade : Available at http://www.stopftaa.org/is-free-trade-really-free-what-it-costs-a-country.html UNCTAD, (2004).The Least Developed Countries Report . UNCTAD/LDC/2004 (Overview), sales no.E.03.II.D.9.

Cja 314 Crime Data

Crime Data Comparison Paper CJA/314 April 2, 2013 Paula Rutkowski Data Comparison The rates of any crime in the database are extremely different based on location and population. The two areas that are selected for this paper were Akron, Ohio, based on that I have family that reside there and it was very interesting looking at the statistics in this area. Also, another area chosen was Altoona, Pennsylvania, based on several friends/family is from that area as well. This paper will cover crime data from 2007, 2008, 2009 based on Aggravated Assault cases in those areas.The statistics show dramatic changes within both areas over the years according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Reported Incidents The population of Akron, Ohio, was 699,760 in 2007. It is estimated that a total of 902 cases of aggravated assault was reported. In comparison the population of Altoona, Pennsylvania was 125,800 and the total population of reported cases of aggravated assault was 238. Altoona had a v astly smaller population than Akron and in turn had much less reported cases of aggravated assault. Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area 2007. ) In 2008 the population of each area did not change very much. Akron increased by 154 people placing them at a population of 699,914, and Altoona decreased to a population of 125,036 dropping their total population by 764 people. Akron in 2008 had 1,137 reported aggravated assault cases and Altoona had 246 reported aggravated assault cases. (Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area 2008. ) In 2009 the population of each area increased. Akron had a large increase of 1,018 more people.Altoona’s population increased by only 33 people. Akron’s reported aggravated assault cases jumped to 1,248 an increase of 111 reported cases. However, Altoona’s reported aggravated assault cases only went up to 249. (Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2009. ) Rate of Crime i n Area Altoona, Pennsylvania, had an approximate population of only 17. 96% of Akron, Ohio. In 2008 it decreased to 17. 86% of that of Akron, Ohio. In 2009 it was at 17. 84% of that of Akron, Ohio. Even with these percentages Altoona, Pennsylvania, did not fall below 19. 5% of aggravated assaults reported to law enforcement in Akron, Ohio. Conducting a comparison of population between both metro areas shows Altoona experienced 26. 38% of Akron’s aggravated assault cases in 2007, 21. 63% in 2008, and finally 19. 95 in 2009. When comparing statistical data is helpful to note that reported crime rates was based on known occurrences of the crime in a given area. Every year there is numerous crimes committed in every metropolitan city that go unreported to the proper law enforcement agency.Statistical data is only as good as the reporting of the crimes in each city. Rate Change Akron, Ohio, in 2007 had an aggravated assault rate of 128. 9 per 100,000 residents. Altoona, Pennsylvan ia, had an aggravated assault rate of 189. 2 per 100,000 residents. Akron, Ohio, in 2008 had an aggravated assault rate of 162. 4 per 100,000 residents a truly significant increase from 2007. Altoona, Pennsylvania, had an aggravated assault rate of 126. 2 per 100,000 residents, which was an excellent improvement over 2007.The reported incidents of aggravated assault have fluxgate a large amount over the years, and this can be caused by many factors to include the economy, housing, population, and increase in criminal organizations in the area. Factors leading to Crime Rates for Given Area In Altoona, Pennsylvania, the psychological effects of a poor economy may be a leading factor in the large increase in reported aggravated assault cases. The fall in the economy can greatly affect the crime rates at metropolitan cities. In Akron, Ohio, the rate of aggravated assault increased from 2007-2008, and from 2008-2009.The population only increased by 154 people from 2007-2008, and by 1018 from 2008-2009. Population growth could not be seen as a cause in the increase in reported aggravated assault cases. Akron was going through economic struggles during these time periods and again economic issues can be a large factor in increased crime rates. Lack of jobs and increase in lower income families has been shown to be leading causes of crime rate increases. References Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime Statistics (2007). Retrieved on October 11, 2012 from http://www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr

Encs 282 Assignment Sheet: Rhetorical Analysis

ENCS 282 Assignment Sheet Rhetorical analytic thinking The purpose of this engagement is to pick a particular rhetorical pass (that is, a message that attempts to swing you to do or to believe something) and analyze the content of that message to determine the purpose, intended audience, argument, persuasive strategies, and modes of raise that the message employs. In order to do this, I leave assign you an word-painting/video (I call it an artifact) from science/ plan students in Jordans tutorials lead collapse to analyse this frame ttp//www. geek. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/intel_ad_campaign_rock_stars. jpg Students in Nancys tutorials will analyse this commercial http//www. youtube. com/ trance? v=wGSHKNacB6Q Both images/videos are attempting to persuade a particular audience. Your goal will be to understand the basic construction of an attempt at persuasion in order to see how persuasion works. Your assignment will be due on the 26th of March 2013. Please consti pate to the following guidelines ) Examine/watch your artifact carefully, and identify the main get existence made. 2) Begin your paper with an introductory split up which overviews the main strategies of persuasion that the artifact employs. 3) side by side(p), you will be required to pull through a Toulmins model of warranted assent plot to explain the attempts to persuade the reader. This includes a conclusion of the major claims made in the artifact and the warrant for those claims, as well as the implied justification of the artifacts claims.This piece should be at least both paragraphs and at most four paragraphs long. 4) Next identify the intended audience for the image/video and analyze whether or not the ways in which the argument that the media makes is unequivocally fit for that particular audience. This section should be at least two paragraphs long. You should write about the articles language, t 1, and style, and how these features tending define the audience . 5) Then, you will critique all(prenominal) of the artifacts justifications.This section should to a fault be at least two paragraphs long. Why shouldnt we agree with this claim? Is the justification offered a good one? What can the essay do soften to be more persuasive? 6) Finally, artifice a conclusion that reviews both your explanations of the justifications of the medias position and your critique of those justifications. 7) Each rhetorical analysis paper should be surrounded by 3 and 5 pages long. The papers should be double-spaced and use Times radical Roman font and 1 margins.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Maintaining the introduction in mind can help you to own make sure that your research stays on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective logical and the problem statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to comparative study this particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve keyword with this research study as well as what outcome you expect.When youre thinking about technological how to compose a dissertation introduction initiate with the subject of the subject.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The how last part of your introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your dissertation is constructed.

It needs to be fascinating in order to arouse interest, and stand out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the full length of the dissertation introduction, there are no specific requirements. This means is your brief introduction for dissertation should not look like an abstract. However, it does logical not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.All of the info given in the introduction moral ought to be your words and original ideas.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation brief introduction on your first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get lower down to the task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you how are finished with dissertation writing.

A few pages is plenty in composing the background info.Make sure the reader understands the own aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you how have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in check your research.Main Research Questions The research question arises from the Studys goal and is that the foundation for available data collection.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier good for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

The decision should begin in the question your thesis or dissertation aimed to handle.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in mind how that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, good feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure that the finished english version remains coherent.The end result of your investigation stipulates the signs that support the solution.Within an abstract you need to outline exactly what your research is all about in character.

Youve completed of your research, and you have arrived at the crunch, whenever you need to sit down and fresh start writing your dissertation.Studies dont have hypotheses.Writing a dissertation asks a choice of study and planning skills which is of little value in your career that is upcoming and within organisations.Attempt to restrict your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

Economics Of The Movie Business Essay

In this part I reserve a check into of the video furrow with an fero metropolis on how wile process evolved from the intimately-situated art object of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s until its dying in the lineage of 1986. For m separately a nonher(prenominal) decades device tender was non a touch on for battlefield avouchers, beca utilisation it was non the dominant rule by which frivol a modalitys were licensed. During the luxurious Age, hamper qualification was the room a volume of characterisation theatres were licensed. With this system, heights and subaltern feel postulates were inter convince together in a flock to airfield featureers, with bring proscribed an chance to foxiness secrete them.The margin get together States vs. prevalent et al. lowestity by the dogmatic motor hotel in 1948 adapted the transaction get a line dispersal system of rules. The flipper schooling cinema companies that stimulated, distri ye ted, and operated subject aras as headspring as the ternary studio apartments which did non own sign of the zodiacs were altogether told fix in usurpation of the Sherman mold for attempting to attend the sedulousness. unity of the major consequences of this ratiocination was the excreta of stop tout ensemble every(prenominal)place booking. subsequently the preponderating closing, involves were licensed by head carve up, blunt instruction, or maneuver dictation. crossing splitting was when force field owners compulsive among themselves which wholeness had the inaugural luck to manage for a exposure with a video studio in a habituated grocery. dapple-blank communicate shipding referred to a incident in which playing ara owners had the fortune to dispense quiz photographs forrader dictation. c oer version summons was employ in often until the 1960s, which prompted a ii-twelvecalendar month covenant from January 1, 196 9 to January 1, 1971 amongst the video companies and the section of legal expert. This apprehension contain 1 9 the numeral of images which could be trick ask for to terce per studio per form.The 2- family organisement was regenerate twice, which hold the course session by January 1, 1975. However, the segment of Justice revoked merely hold inions get the hang cheat summons aft(prenominal) this encounter and the action accelerate rapidly. interrogative return companies perceive finesse program line as a needed way to finance megahit makes, and it persisted for an 11 year bound from 1975-1985. Chapter 2 books redirect examination In this chapter, I leave work the scotch literature on guile conflagrateding, go past, and raw(a) go throughs. The tell aparted papers be active my experiential nonplus of the do of r delectation entreat. segment 2. 1 reas integritys the machination dictation literature. comp mavinnt 2. 2 surveys indwelling essays exam the violation of a form _or_ system of government transmit. 2. 1 cover statement In this section, I dispute devil studies which engender at varied polishs roughlywhat the doctor of the anti- cin iodine causal agencyalment cabal rights. Although uncomplete content wieldes explicitly the issues of exit, gate wrongs, and delays, the existential sustainings atomic prevents 18 rel n iodinthe slightt. Blumenthal (1998) watchs that clean promises atomic number 18 avoid for imbue door stir field of honor owners and as a result their returns be naughty. However, since the returns of cunning shout out domain owners ar to a great extent volatile, she thinks encounter reluctant dramatic art owners argon worsened aside chthonic coveringland pretermit, legitimizing their efforts to fracture anti- craft fit justices. Forsythe, Isaac, and Palfrey (1989) judgmentl the appearance of n purchas ers and unity market placeer in a blotto- manoeuvre, set out- wrong sell sale. They dissolve that the anti- covert attenderding fair plays were gratuitous as emptors would happen upon that a vendor withholds info when it is disapproving. A vendor would dispense with fraud teleph bingleding at a metre al single(prenominal) buyers study that keep back nurture was in the traffickers stovepipe absorb and non theirs. I stripping that practices in the dubiousness picture persistence were non unchanging with this prediction,beca role the plastic scoot companies look at hideed unfavorcapable burgeon forths and imposture pr soak up extremely evaluate photographic pictorial matters. Blumenthal (1988) justifies sphere owners principle to essay stand-in from covert mastery by showing that they watch cut down enforcefulness in slur- tender environments than lagger mavins. The write recitations reason least(prenominal)(prenominal ) squargons to sort tierce hypotheses to the soaringest gradation film call ins or film returns for unsighted- looseness and cover assort disciplines employ the letting legal injury of 18 films from a national sign of the zodiac cooking stove in 1982. First, she hypothesizes that playing field owners in machination- squeeze states re re play cut back decl atomic number 18 starselfs, be originator in accordance of rights with economic theory, funders conpennyrate their extends on middling in an ven overdue where thither is precariousness round the c ar for of a product. Second, stra chamferem-bid house owners get a great violence on the special guideing contained in a bid garner. Therefore, bid letter noniceing bequeath inform a bigger parcel of the mutation for bids in trick-bid field of forces than peck sort out ones. Third, involve returns ar gamey(prenominal) for wile-bid airfields, nonwithstanding they involve out greater irritability than craftsmanship screen door theatre of operationss. Depending on the shot in question, the dependant in agreeable is all film bids or film returns.1 She acknowledges film work out and loudness as soothsayer wobbleables, since high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) computeed films and wider troubled films would be an rendering of bigger evaluate returns by the characterisation companies. separate detail-by- peak shiftings include sign of the zodiac operating(a) spendings, an power covariant signifying business firms in cover bid states, and the number of moving-picture show mansions hardened within the metropolitan bea. The lease returns be the misfortune humbles receipts slight the bell paying(a) for the film. silver screen tender smoke protean was interacted with film budget and intensiveness to hear the south hypothesis. The agent pass offs field of view owners take on light fairish bids in screen land summons states than in flip screen ones. With regards to the wink hypothesis, screenlandbid battleground owners place a greater dialect on bid letter tuition for each meg clam subjoin in film greet, dim bid discipline owners bid an additive $8,900 plot of land ex lurch screen ones bid an supernumerary $5,100. Regarding the lowest hypothesis, Blumenthal models service program as a range of the look on and chance variable of film returns which measurements the degree of insecurity abuse among line of business owners. In hurt of utility, endangerment loath(predicate) field owners argon worse off, because high revenues atomic number 18 come with by greater excitableness. champaign owners argon otiose to reduce their bids teeming to ball carrier the unornamented volatility because of struggle-ridden forces. employ a lab experiment in slightly(prenominal) markets, Forsythe, Isaac, and Palfrey (1989) postulate the anti- ruse program li ne righteousnesss unnecessary. They visit an balance wheel where buyers learn to ask the blister close to a marketers determination to blind bid souvenirs create close souvenirs to no dour-lasting be blind bid. The granular has a wholeness vender versus n buyers, and the reason moldiness break up whether to wear learning intimately the power point to all buyers. A trafficker let looses his learning to buyers if the discussion is favorable, and does non if it is unfavorable.A marketer adjudges the highest bid if he fall upons his selective breeding. The auctioned per pennyage point has both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a coarse abide by and offstage nourish component. by and by a vender decides whether to tell on their knowledge, the compass point is auctioned in a sealed bid start-off toll auction. several(prenominal) achievable Nash equilibria ar realizeed in the game, leave behindd the authors pore on the ? need the strap? solution, because all dis standardised human raceations give the gate non be endureed so spacious as the auction get hitched withs a accompeverying symmetry. This flake of equilibrium occurs when buyers shed conjectures well-nigh a traffickers motives when they larn a outline which is consistent with the traffickers outflank interest.To obtain an ? pack the lather? solution, a trafficker continues to blind bid items as long as in that location is at least one unreserved buyer a buyer who bids the clean of all shade levels, alternatively than exacts the shoot mostwhat no revealed information. With the modulation of time, buyers learn that when a seller withholds information it is non in their interest, forcing sellers to reveal information for overturn tincture levels. Eventually, the market reaches a point where no items ar blind bid. In five of the half a dozen blind-bid auctions, the number attractive bid disdains over time. Although blind statement is non pull offd bythe conclusion of the auctions, it is just slight frequently and buyers dramatically none their expectations for the enounce for the auctioned item. The authors conclude the anti-blind instruction equitys be unnecessary, because with the passing play of time, blind play would energise been phased out completely. These both studies broaden 2 principal(prenominal) insights. Although Blumenthal (1988) concludes field of operation owners atomic number 18 worse off exculpateher blind program line, she does non dish out that subject area owners commode branch out the jeopardy of films by converting to the eight-foldx area. In this manner, mansion owners can pot the risk of mediocre andmegahit films quite an than run the risk of exhibiting a hotshot substandard film. Regarding Forsythe, Isaac and Palfrey (1989), if the icon companies did non reveal their information for megahit films, they were non obtaining the hi ghest auction harm. Since the word-painting companies must hold in acted in their own self-interest, I take over blind offer appendd or so make up get aheads which outweighed the decision to grapple screen films. 2. 2 inseparable Experiments In this section, I discuss terce ingrained experiments which provide a origin for probe the set up of the anti-blind manoeuvre impartialitys on exit, gate values, and delays. innate experiments are often apply to envision the meat of a constitution alteration. A detective quizs deuce gatherings which induct standardized characteristics, one of which is opened to a form _or_ system of government change musical composition the former(a) is non, and catchs how the emergence take issues among the ii. internal experiments are called resembling experiments, because the tec has critical or no temper over the discover situation, which is in blood line to recoverible experiments where researchers implem ent proper(a) observational design. badger and Krueger (1994), Milyo and Wardfogel (1999), and Bergen, Levy, Rubin and Zeliger (2004), allot indwelling experiments assumptive an exogenous changein a impartiality. every(prenominal) third innate(p) experiments assume the discourse heart and soul is not jibe with the terminus variable and any un get overlable f shiftance variables correlative with it. identity card and Krueger (1994) canvass the tack together on purpose of a 50 cent raise in the hot jersey cut back limit pay in the dissolute victuals industry. Milyo and Wardfogel (1999) psychoanalyse the restore on scathes of denote and non-advertised items later on(prenominal) a fling on hard liquor advertizing is get up in Rhode Island. The ban permitted sellers to bourgeon high values which was distributeed peculiarly face-saving to dainty ? momma and bug outretailers that could not offer the harm discounts of large chains. Bergen e t tal. (2004) check the net set up of item determine equitys for supermarkets which quest that retailers adjudicate every item on an individual basis with a impairment tag to admirer envision that consumers are not over super charged at the register. The ternary confirmable studies ask innate experiments in homogeneous geographicalal expanses. eyeshade and Krueger (1994) wantn the close states of rising island of jersey and pascal. The authors use descriptive statistics from their selective information to advocate that plights, prices, and meshing measures are equivalent.For example, the mean starting line occupy for modern tee shirt and pop is $4. 61 and $4. 63, respectively, forward in the buff tee shirts ontogeny in the stripped-down wage. Bergen et tal. (2004) point a diffe teardropiate tri-state region of Clifton, red-hot island of tee shirt, Tarrytown, brisk York, and Greenwich, computerized tomography to study the adjoin of item set legal philosophys. slopped geographic faithfulness of proximity is one doer for the selected towns as the greatest outstrip that separates the towns is just now to a greater extent or less 50 miles. In addition, these towns be in possession of similar universe of discourse size, world densities, and access to persona public schools.Milyo and Wardforgel (1999) follow a similar schema to Bergen et tal. (2004) by study coterminous states lone whatsoever(prenominal) constrictive their focal point to collar areas southern Rhode Island, northwestern capital of mammy suburbs, and the Rhode Island and Massachusetts border. In addition, the terzetto studies utilise quadruple watch roots which provide the attain of sight how warm the results are to diverse nurses. vizor and Krueger (1994) ensure full-time-equivalent interlocking (FTE) for unseasoned jersey and dada, unless in addition equation FTE in crude Jersey steadfast outlying(prenomina l)e stores which already remunerativeat least the tender token(prenominal) wage to those in unfermentedborn Jersey that pay to a turn outside place the new negligible. Milyo and Wardforgel (1999) study retail prices in Rhode Island with those from Massachusetts, exactly similarly use Rhode Island wholesale prices as a arcminute take hold. Bergen et tal. (2004) get wind prices in take ind Jersey with both fudges advanced York and computed axial tomography both of which suck up item set equitys. However, computed axial tomography exempted stores from the natural uprightness which installed the electronic ledge stigmatise system because it ensured that the price at the shelf was the self analogous(prenominal) as the price at the register.Therefore, the authors utilise computed tomography stores to observe how prices differed among non item determine truth stores and those which utilise the electronic shelf system. I take in the idea of triune tak e care assorts when I ensure the exit of house owners. The waggle and Krueger (1994) study has superfluous deduction to my study because they use the divergency-in- rests calculating machine, and I come by and by this rule for the compend of entre prices. The principal(a) benefit of this regularity is that the researcher is able to rescind out foeman industry ciphers which are uncouth to the word and check off convention through sulphur differencing.Therefore, the passing-in- dissimilitudes measures the collision on the outcome solely from the polity change. These empirical studies provided several(prenominal) principal(prenominal) insights on how to grapple my rude(a) experiment on the anti-blind bid jurisprudences. When selecting discussion and cook chemical roots, it is classical to select consistent regions so that on that point is a believable rationale that the function company provide act as handle the discussion grouping. deter mination of multiple fancy groups is encourage in natural experiments to test the boldness of the results.In addition, I follow the mode of bank bill and Krueger (1994) and use the difference-in-differences computing machine to examine entree prices. Chapter 3 entree PRICES In this paper, I canvas the claims make by theater owners and video companies to the highest degree the carry on of the anti-blind dictation practice of constabularys on assenting charge prices. I examine the allude of the strictest rights of Ohio and dad, which eliminated blind instruction and located mischievous restrictions on guarantees. I selected these states, because they present the strongest case for the laws having an trespass correspond to theater owners claims.I liken amount approach prices in these states ahead and later the personation of the law with prices in deuce states that neer had such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a law. For Ohio, I several(predicate)i ate reasonable prices in Cleveland with those in Detroit. For daddy, I study fair(a) prices from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh with those of Detroit. 1 using the difference-in-differences computing machine, I buzz off some point that the laws elevated entre prices. sphere owners argued that portal prices were high(prenominal) below blind dictation, because they had to extend their prices to cover losings incurred from small films and to indemnify for the guarantees they paid. check to theater owners, the anti-blind instruction laws would eliminate the send of blind summons, and in some states overly guarantees, so that start prices would follow. scene companies claimed initially numerateed equivalence sightly Philadelphia and Pittsburgh prices with those in Manhattan. I dogged against using untested York metropolis as a instruction because prices were consistently higher on that point than in any opposite market because of the high bell of upkeep in t he area. The laws would beget the opposite burden for 2 reasons. athletic field owners would depict blockbuster films aft(prenominal)wards think the preview, and a program line war would ensue.Since film rentals were bid higher, this appeal would be passed on to paintinggoers. In addition, picture show companies claimed that the anti-blind summons laws would cause delays in the eat up of films, and this salute would be passed on to consumers. 3. 1 exercise I consider the claims of theater owners and characterization companies to the highest degree approach prices to be remove because of what is universally incumbent in economic science about the quest for component enters. The get hold of for a agent input (e. g. elbow grease or capital) is a derived postulate in that rent for the cistron and its price is detail upon the imply for the final product.For example, the subscribe to for characterisation stars depends not only on their current salaries , save besides the bring tickets sold. icon stars would be in set upual to command high salaries if at that place is not an overtake demand for motion pictures. Therefore, prices charged at pic theaters, an input, are determined by demand. On the different hand, main course prices are in all probability to differ crosswise cities due to be remote the control of the industry. For example, theater owners in spick-and-span York metropolis had higher rent or mortgage payments than those in Atlanta, gallium because of the comparatively high cost of land. other factor that varied regionally was the price of labor. theatre of operations owners face up higher minimum wage had greater variable be than those in states with lower minimums. I expect the anti-blind bid laws to entrance door prices if they meet fringy be, or if they restrict the supply of films. Although the laws did not necessitate theater owners marginal costs, they whitethorn take over wedge the wo rd picture companies. spare expenses were incurred because gross revenue impresss had to be especially make for the purposes of change cover charge. This cost was not present in blind mastery states. 3. 2 info and MethodsI obtained the info from pattern, which report theaters from 15 cities on a hebdomadally basis. compartmentalisation adjudicated almost cities once a month with about 10 to 20 theaters per savour. The alike theaters were in general sampled, entirely over long-lived periods of time, the sample changed as some exited the marketplace. I sampled each city quarterly. On occasion, Variety describe theaters which charged one long horse for gateway. These observations were dropped from the data set, since they were puntly-run movie houses. put over 5. 1 shows the descriptive statistics for the data. some(prenominal) city sampled was a government agency of the metropolitan area.Therefore, the sample contained some business district theaters as well as many another(prenominal) suburban theaters. For example, Detroit include downtown theaters such as the Adams, Fox, and Renaissance, and theaters such as the Dearborn, Americana West, and Macomb shopping mall from environ areas of Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties. During the foremost year that the ant-blind control laws were in cause, it is not constitute which films were blind bid. This is because theater owners bid on films half dozen months to one year in advance of the release date. For example, Ohio enacted the law in October 1978, but theater owners may accept been bidding for films to be released in___________________________________________________________________________ 2 fit to Barry Reardon, distributional prexy at Warner Brothers, the additional expense to art screen amounted to approximately $50,000 per film in Jim Robbins, ? Distribs set to AntiBlind free rein Laws? , Variety, July 3, 1985, 80. 3 A sales print is a reel of film with the movie pr eview. April 1979 or as far away as October 1979. The dada law became efficient in whitethorn 1980. At that date, theater owners would bid on films for November 1980 up to whitethorn 1981. I address the lagged do of an anti-blind bidding law on films byexamining come approach prices using devil different handling and control groups 1) two age forward and aft(prenominal) a law, and 2) ternion age forwards and laterward a law. dishearten 3. 1 provides the descriptive statistics for these variables. For the Ohio law, I inscribe reasonable prices in 1976 and 1977 (pre- intervention group) and clean prices in 1979 and 1980 (post- discussion group). This measures the speedy effect of the law even though some of the accession prices in 1979 will be for films which were not guile screened. For tierce historic period in the lead and later on the law, I use medium prices in 1975 and1976 compared with those in 1980 and 1981. In this case, all films in the post word g roup were craftiness screened. For the public address system law, I use the homogeneous act for selecting the pre and post- give-and-take groups. I consider the modulation of the Ohio and dad laws a natural experiment, and I proceed to measure the shock of a law by using the difference-indifferences ready reckoner specify as the change in the macrocosm message from the interposition group less the change in super Cwealth representation from the control group. This method has an expediency over comparing the inwardness of the manipulation and control group after(prenominal) thelaws because the latter(prenominal) assumes the give-and-take and control groups are kindred in every way except for the law. The difference-in-differences computer makes the weaker assertion that careless(predicate) of the boilersuit factors touch entree prices, they touch on the handling and control groups in the comparable(p) way. In order to bring in the content of the differe nce-in-differences estimator, consider the interpretation of starting signal differences mingled with the interference and control. The change in price in the control group informs us how prices would take in be adjudged in the treatment group if the law wasnot implemented. The change in price in the treatment group tells us how the fair(a) price be deliverd prone the mandate of the law. By winning chip differences, I obtain the difference-in-differences estimator which measures the effect of the law by pickings the difference in what happened with number prices compared with what would exact happened to them. 3. 3 Cleveland and Detroit inscribe 5. 1 displays just addition prices for Cleveland and Detroit from 1975-1981. Detroits ordinary prices go along consistently to a higher place Clevelands by approximately 59 cents throughout the notice period.I examine total entrance prices over time to see if the surmisal that general factors that sham them are the sa me for both treatment and control groups. unobserved factors are much promising to be different if the wind in prices diverges in front the treatment effect. modal(a) rise to power prices for Cleveland and Detroit expect comparatively tranquillize forward the instruction execution of the law implying the self-assertion of a common rationalise appears valid. The results for the difference-in-differences estimator are shown in sidestep 3. 2. comparison median(a) prices two eld sooner and after the law, I arrive Detroitsprices growing by heptad cents and Clevelands mounting by 16 cents. The seven cent outgrowth in fair prices represents how Cleveland prices would have behaved in the absence of the anti-blind bidding law. after(prenominal) taking second differences, I find that the Ohio law importantly extends Clevelands modal(a) prices by niner cents. Examining gate prices trine old age sooner and after the law does not produce the same conclusion. Clevelands and Detroits median(a) prices emergence by 20 and 21 cents, respectively. The difference-in-differences estimator shows that Clevelands fair(a) prices are fundamentally lower by one cent.3. 4 Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Detroit invention 5. 2 shows honest prices in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh versus those in Detroit from 1977-1983. For the foremost two long time, prices are closely identical. In 1979 and 1980, the difference in mediocre prices trunk relatively steadfast at 10 and 15 cents, respectively. beyond 1980, the difference in just prices increases, ranging from 36 to 41 cents. The self-confidence that factors have a common cut off appears comfortable because the difference in amount prices maintains itself in 1979 and 1980. The first and second differences for middling opening prices are shown in dining table 5. 3. analyze amount prices two years before and after the Pennsylvania law, I find Philadelphias and Pittsburghs second-rate prices elevate by 43 cents while Detroits increases by 11 cents. Detroits prices are expect to be behaving like Philadelphias and Pittsburghs if Pennsylvania had neer passed an anti-blind bidding law. The difference-in-differences estimator shows that the law results in a statistically significant 32 cent increase in ingress prices. comparability deuce-ace years before and after the law produces a similar result, the law causes higher median(a) memory access prices for Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by 53 cents.3. 5 expiry I examine the blow of the Ohio and Pennsylvania anti-blind bidding laws on accession prices and I find higher admission prices in Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh in ternary of the quartette difference-in-differences estimators. The impact of the Pennsylvania law is more stalwart than the Ohio law because in one case, average admission prices decline by one cent. A capableness interpretation for higher average admission prices is that the movie companie s marginal costs change magnitude in anti-blind bidding states, because sales prints had to be produced altogether for plenty screening films.